Unit 10 Patho

Question 1

Describe the function of the cardiovascular system.

Answer 1

The primary function is transport of materials such as nutrients, water, and gases from external environments from cell to cell within the body.

Question 2

What are the differences of veins and arteries?

Answer 2

Arteries are BVs that carry blood away from heart.

Veins are BV that carry blood to heart

Question 3

Describe the flow of blood for Pulmonarmy circulation.

Answer 3

Blood enters the Right Atrium (From superior and inferior vena cava) ➡️ Right Ventricle ➡️ Pulmonary Artery (blood becomes oxygenated) ➡️ Pulmonary veins (left side)

Question 4

Describe the flow of blood for Systemic Circulation.

Answer 4

Pulmonary veins➡️ Left atrium ➡️ Left ventricle ➡️ Aorta

Question 5

What is the flow of liquid and gas in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 5

Liquids and glasses flow down to pressure gradients from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

Question 6

What is the mean BP in the aorta and vena cava?

Answer 6

~93 mmHG in the aorta

~2 mm HG in the vena cava

The heart creates higher pressure when it contracts (blood flows out of the heart into closed loop of blood vessels which are lower pressure)

Pressure is lost as blood moves through system

Question 7

What is Hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

Fluid not moving and pressure is exerted in all directions

Question 8

What is pericardial fluid?

Answer 8

Fluid that lubricates the external surfaces of the heart (the pericardium)

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, this may reduce this lubrication allowing friction rub.

Question 9

What is myocardium?

Answer 9

Cardiac muscle covered by thin layers of epithelium and connective tissue

Question 10

What’s is the role of the heart valves?

Answer 10

They prevent back flow of blood

Question 11

Where are the AV, Tricuspid, and Bicuspid valve?

Answer 11

Av (Atrioventricular Valve): Guards between atrium and ventricles
—Tricuspid valve: separates the right atrium and right ventricle
— Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve): separates the left atrium and left ventricle

Question 12

What are semilunar valves?

Answer 12

Semilunar valves are crescent moon-shaped; between ventricles and arteries

—Aortic valve: Between left ventricle and aorta

—Pulmonary valve: Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 13

What is chordae tendinae

Answer 13

Collagenous tendons that are attached to edges of valve flaps.

Question 14

What are Papillary muscles?

Answer 14

Ventricular muscles that chordae are attached to and provide stability for, they cannot actively open and close the valve, they prevent back flow to the atrium.

Question 15

What are autorhythmic cells ?

Answer 15

They make up 1% of cardiac muscle cells, called “pacemakers” and they set the rate of heartbeat and send signals for myocardial contraction.

These cells are small and contain few contractile fibers.

They do NOT have organized sarcomeres and do NOT contribute to contractile force of the heart

Question 16

What are contractile muscles?

Answer 16

They make up 99% of the cardiac muscles (has lots of mitochondria) they are smaller than skeletal muscles and are striated, branched, and attached by intercalated disc

Question 17

Describe intercalated disc and it’s components.

Answer 17

Cell junctions that consist of interdigitated membranes that have two components:

Desmosomes- Strong connections that tie adjacent cells together allow force created in one cell to be transferred to the adjacent cell.

Gap junctions: allow electrical signals to pass rapidly from cell to cell.

Question 18

Describe the myocardial action potential.

Answer 18

In both autorhythmic and contractile contraction myocardium, Calcium plays an important role in action potential.

(Contrary to skeletal muscle and neurons which depends on Na and K)

Myocardial cells have longer action potentials due to Ca entry.

Phase 1: Depolarization; membrane potential becomes more positive. (+20)
Phase 2: Initial repolarization; cell begins to repolarize.
Phase 3: The plateau; the action potential flattens
Phase 4: The resting membrane potential stabilized back to -90

Question 19

Describe the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
(Heart at rest ; Completion of ventricular filling)

Answer 19

Heart at rest: Atrial and ventricular diastole

Completion of ventricular filling: Atrial systole

Question 20

What is end-diastolic volume?

Answer 20

It is determined by venous return; depends on skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic Innervation of veins.

Question 21

What is stroke volume?

Answer 21

Amount of blood pumped by ventricles during single contraction
(70mL normal stroke volume)

Question 22

What is systolic and diastolic?

Answer 22

Systolic is blood out of the heart

Diastolic is blood in the heart

Question 23

Describe the sphygmomanometer measure of arterial pressure and define Korotkoff sounds.

Answer 23

Korotkoff sounds are create by the pulsating blood flow through the compressed artery.

First sounds heard represent the highest pressure in the artery and is recorded as the systolic pressure.

When the sound disappears is the lowest pressure in the artery and is recorded as the diastolic pressure.

BP: Systolic/Diastolic

Question 24

What are the factors that influence cardiac output?

Answer 24

Heart rate and stroke volume

Question 25

How does the parasympathetic and sympathetic influence heart rate?

Answer 25

Stimulation from the parasympathetic nerves decreased heart rate

Stimulation from the sympathetic nerves increases heart rate

Question 26

What influences the stroke volume?

Answer 26

-The length of muscle fibers at the beginning of contraction

-The contractility of the heart

Question 27

What is preload and afterload?

Answer 27

Preload is determined by venous return. Venous return is affected by skeletal muscle contractions, the respiratory pump, and the constriction of veins by sympathetic activity.

Afterload is placed on the ventricle as it contracts. Mean arterial pressure is a clinical indicator of afterload.

Question 28

What is angiogenesis and its regulation of cytokines?

Answer 28

The process in which new blood vessels develop; occurs when a wound heals and also with endurance exercise since it enhances blood flow. Cytokines control the new growth.

Question 29

What are cardiovascular control centers (CVCC)?

Answer 29

It’s a CNS network, the ccvc ensures adequate blood flow to the brain.

Question 30

What are baroreceptor reflexes?

And location.

Answer 30

Baroreceptors located in the walls of the carotid arteries and aorta, monitor the pressure of blood flowing to the brain and body.

Question 31

What is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 31

Atherosclerosis is the dominate cause (~80%) of CVD, including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and heart failure (HF).

Question 32

What are the gender differences in CVD morbidity and mortality?

Answer 32

Females are more prone in mitral valve prolapse (smaller hearts)

Menopause transition worsens CVD risk

Twice as likely to die one year after heart attack

Greater risk of a 2nd myocardial infarction

Question 33

What is atherosclerosis and what are the different types?

Answer 33

Progressive thickening and narrowing of walls of medium-sized and large arteries as result of fatty deposits on their inner lining.

The different types: Coronary artery disease, aortic atherosclerosis, carotid artery disease, peripheral vascular disease.

Question 34

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 34

CAD or ischemic heart disease: narrowing caused by build up or blood clot or blood vessels construction.

Question 35

What is Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 35

Thickening of middle layer of small arteries, loss of elasticity, and increases calcium deposits.

Question 36

What is Coronary Thrombosis?

Answer 36

Rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque and formation of a blood clot inside the coronary.

Thrombosis in the heart is the most common cause of heart attack.

Question 37

What is hypertension?

Answer 37

Primary: High BP, accounts for 95% of all cases
Secondary: High BP due to renovascular disease, pheochromocytoma and drug induced hypertension.

Hypertension is the most common cause of cardiovascular related death worldwide.

Question 38

What is the normal BP, and different categories of BP?

Answer 38

Normal: 120/80

Elevated: 120-129/80-89

Stage one: 130-139/90-99

Stage two: >140/>100

Question 39

What are the complications of high blood pressure?

Answer 39

Strokes, headache, hypertensive infarction, MI, chronic renal failure.