Unit 7 Patho Flashcards
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. Which disease or disorder results when the neurons in the brain that produce dopamine die?
1) Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
2) Gianne-Barre Syndrome
3) Parkinson’s disease
4) Poliomyelitis
3) Parkinson’s Disease
The nervous system is divided into two parts, what are they?
CNS- Brain and Spinal cord
PNS- Afferent and Efferent divisions
Failure of the neural tube to close during embryonic development is called?
Neural tube defects
What are two most common types of neural tube defects?
Anencephaly- The upper part of the neural tube fails to close causing the fetus to develop missing large parts of the brain
Spina Bifida- The lower part of the neural tube does not close during the first weeks of embryonic development
Dendrites and axons in the CNS form the ____ matter in the CNS and run in clusters called ______.
Gray matter ; nuclei
Brain and spinal cord support come from:
1)Bone- skull and vertebral column
2) Meninges- Pia mater, Anachnoid mater, and Dura mater
3) Fluid- Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid
What secretes Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Choroid Plexus secretes CSF and transports ions and nutrients from plasma into ventricles.
The CSF provides a physical and chemical protection for the brain. What are their roles?
Physical protection
-increases buoyancy and -protective padding.
(This protects the brain from injury when jolted or hit).
Chemical protection
-regulates the extracellular environment,
-exchanges solutes with interstitial fluid and
-provides route to removal waste . (Allows for homeostatic regulation)
What are three infections of the Central Nervous System?
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Myelitis
What is Meningitis? What are some potential signs and symptoms?
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. (Can be bacterial or viral infection)
S&S: Headaches, vomiting, vision loss, focal neuro signs, neck stiffness and increase intracranial pressure (ICP)
Causes vision loss due to increased pressure of the optic nerve.
Neck stiffness is an important sign, when the neck is flexed, the inflamed nerve root and meninges of cervical region get stretched.
What is Encephalitis? What are some potential signs and symptoms?
An acute inflammatory disease of the brain. (Viral infection)
S&S: Headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, focal neuro signs.
Altered consciousness refers to a change in a patients state of awareness and arousal.
What is Myelitis? What are the signs and symptoms?
Inflammation of the spinal cord (Viral infection)
Signs and symptoms may include pain, abnormal sensation, weakness/paralysis of extremities, bowel and bladder dysfunction.
What are the neural tissue metabolic requirements?
Neurons need oxygen and glucose.
With this oxygen can cross blood brain barrier freely
Glucose requires membrane transporters.
The brain receives 15% of oxygen and is responsible for about 50% of glucose consumption.
How can hypoglycemia affect the body?
It can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and death.
What are the functions of the cerebrum? (Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglion, and limbic system)
Cerebral cortex-Process sensory information and coordination the execution of movement.
Basal Ganglion- controls the body’s ability to move.
Limbic system- learning and memory (Part of gray matter)
What are the functions of the basal ganglion?
Controls the body’s ability to move
What are the functions of the brain stem? (Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata)
Midbrain- eye movement
Pons- coordination of breathing
Medulla Oblongata- control of involuntary functions
Also deals with sleep, arousal, pain modulation and muscle tone.
What is the function of Diencephalon and what does it consist of?
It consist of the thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.
Thalamus- integrating and relay station for sensory and motor information.
Pineal gland- Melatonin secretion
Hypothalamus- Homeostasis and behavioral drives
Pituitary gland- Hormone secretion.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Cerebellums main function is movement coordination.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
The degeneration of dopamine producing cells in basal ganglion.
Also the decreased initiation and inhibition of movement.
What are the clinical manifestations (symptoms) of Parkinson’s disease?
For primary signs think (T.R.A.P):
T- tremor
R- rigidity
A- akinesia/bradykinesia [slowness of movements]
P- postural instability
Secondary Motor symptoms
-Stooped posture
-Decreased strength in extensor muscles and decreased flexibility in flexor muscles
-Shuffling gait, freezing of gait
What are some non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s?
Depression
Dementia
Sleep disturbances
Difficulty smelling
What is the difference between a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) and a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
CVA is sudden loss of neurological function due to impaired blood flow for more than 24 hours
TIA is the interruption of blood flow to the brain for less than 24 hours
How might a patient present with a CVA?
They may present with:
—contralateral hemiparesis
—Contralateral sensory deficits
— Gait and balance deficits
— Speech and cognitive deficits
IMPORTANT Remember (FAST)
F- Face Drooping
A- Arm Weakness
S- Speech Difficulty
T- Time to call 911
Describe how the brain functions as an integration system to modulate the sensory system.
The sensory system monitors the internal and external environments and initiates a reflex response.
Describe how the brain functions as an integration system to modulate the cognitive system.
The cognitive system in the cerebral cortex is able to initiate voluntary thought, understanding, perception,and language