Exam 3 Pathologies (8,9,10,11) Flashcards
What is Osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of bone caused by infectious organism, typically bacteria, but can be a virus, fungi, or parasite.
What is the etiology (cause) of Osteomyelitis?
Staphlococcus aureus (Most common cause)
Exogenous osteomyelitis -from outside body
Hematogenous osteomyelitis - spread within body
What are the clinical manifestations for Osteomyelitis?
Adults- Back pain or bone pain, low-grade fever.
Radiculopathy, myelopathy, paralysis can occur
What is Myositis?
Inflammation of the muscle that can be an autoimmune disease condition or directly caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents
What are the clinical manifestations for Myositis?
Malaise, fever, muscle swelling, pain, tenderness, lethargy
What is the difference between sprains and strains?
Sprains: Affects ligaments structures around a joint
Strains: Affect muscles, stretching or tearing of musculotendinous unit
Describe the degrees or grades for strains and sprains.
First degree: Minor tearing, no loss of integrity
Second degree: Partial tearing, clear loss of integrity
Third degree: Sever tear, complete loss of integrity
What are the classifications of bone fractures?
Traumatic: sudden impact
Stress or fatigue: Abnormal stress applied to bone. (Lower Extremity, tibial shaft, metatarsal bones most commonly)
Insufficiency: Normal stress applied to abnormal bone
Pathologic: Fragile bone due to neoplastic or other disease conditions
What are the types of fractures?
Displaced or nondisplaced
Open or closed
What is Osteoarthritis/Degenerative Joint disease?
Slowly evolving articular disease that appears to originate in the cartilage and affects the underlying bone, soft tissue, and synovial fluid.
What is the etiology and pathogenesis for Otheoarthritis?
Two classifications: Primary and Secondary
Risk factors: Serious injury, genetics, ligamentous laxity
Pathogenesis: Active disease process affecting synovial joint with joint tissue destruction and abnormal repair
What is the clinical manifestations for Osteoarthritis?
Boney enlargement, Limited ROM, Crepitus on motion, tenderness, joint effusion, malalignment and joint deformity, and joint stiffness after inactivity.
What is the etiology for Degenerative Disc Disease?
Changes to disk with age, Nucleus at center of disk loses water, tears may form around annulus
What are clinical manifestations for Degenerative Disc Disease?
Gradual onset of midline lower back pain
Stiff back, radiating pain may occur
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
A autoimmune disease characterized by loss of ACh receptors; the most common disorder in Neuromuscular Junction.
What are the signs for Myasthenia Gravis?
Communication between motor neurons and cell cease.
What are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?
Skeletal muscles for movements, posture, and breathing weaken.
Impaired swallowing and speech, drooping eyelids, shortness of breath, unsteady gait, blurred or double vision.
What is Osteoporosis?
Chronic, progressive disease characterized by low bone mass, impaired bone quality, decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fractures.
Most common metabolic bone disease.
What is the etiology and pathogenesis for osteoporosis?
Bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, etiology is unknown.
What are the clinical manifestations for osteoporosis?
Low back pain and fractures
Postural changes- thoracic kyphosis and loss of body height.
What is Osteomalacia?
Progressive bone condition in which insufficient mineralization of bone matrix causes softening of bone without loss of bone matrix.
What Is the etiology and pathogenesis for osteomalacia?
Insufficient intestinal calcium absorption
Increased renal phosphorus losses
What are clinical manifestations for osteomalacia?
Diffuse aching and fatigue, bone pain and periarticular tenderness
Proximal myopathy, sensory poly-neuropathy, and muscular weakness
Postural deformities: T/S kyphosis, heart shaped pelvis, femur and tibia bowing
What is Paget Disease?
A progressive disorder of the adult skeletal system, increased bone respiration by osteoclast and excessive, unorganized new bone formation by osteoblast.
Second most common metabolic bone disease after OP (Osteoporosis)
What is the Etiology and Pathogenesis for Paget Disease?
Etiology is unknown, possibly genetic susceptibility.
Pathogenesis- Initial stage: Abnormal, unrestrained osteoclast proliferation
Osteoblastic phase: Normal cancellous bone is replaced by trabecular bone, and cortical bone is irregularly thickened.
Final phase: Minimal cellular activity present
What is Gout?
A metabolic disorder due to elevated serum uric acid and the deposition of urate crystals in the joints, soft tissue and kidneys.
What is the etiology and pathogenesis for Gout?
Elevated serum uric acid accumulates in body tissues including joints and kidneys.
Urate overproduction
Decreased urinary excretion of uric acid
What are the clinical manifestations for Gout?
Acute, monarticular, inflammatory arthritis, exquisite joint pain
First MTP joint, ankle, knee, wrist, elbow and fingers
Erythema, warmth, extreme tenderness, hypersensitivity
What is Atherosclerosis?
A process of progressive thickening and narrowing of the walls of medium-sized and large arteries as a result of fatty deposits on their inner lining.
What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
High circulating LDL causes LDL deposition in the tunica intima underlying the endothelium.
LDL becomes oxidized and results in endothelial dysfunction.
What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Decreased blood flow to the myocardium by fatty deposits that narrow the lumen of the coronary arteries.
Also called Ischemic heart disease.
Most often caused by build up of plaque (atherosclerosis), but can be due to blood clot of by BV constriction.
What are the clinical presentations of CAD?
Asymptomatic- Silent ischemia and silent MI.
Congestive heart disease- shortness of breath, coughing, tiredness, swelling in the ankles
Angina pectoris- chest pain, spreading to the shoulders, arms and jaw. This can be a precursor for a heart attack.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)- chest pain, shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, and tiredness.
What are the three types of Angina?
Chronic Stable Angina-Known as exertional angina. Occurs at a predictable level of physical activity. Ceases with rest.
Unstable Angina- It is unpredictable, symptom of disease progression
Vasospastic Angina- aka Prinzmental’s angina, due to coronary artery vasospasm. Occurs at rest, relieved with minor activity
What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
A complete blockade of blood flow to heart muscle, resulting in death of cardiac muscle cells.
Partial blockade of blood flow to the heart results in ischemia.
Ischemia often causes chest pain or discomfort known as angina pectoris
What are the three zones of damage in MI?
Zone of Infarction: Area of myocardium that was completely deprived of oxygen; results in cell death.
Zone of hypoxic injury: Immediately surrounding the zone of infarction; will recover if blood flow is restored quickly.
Zone of ischemia: Adjacent to the zone of hypoxic injury; usually reversible.
What is Congestive Heat Failure (CHF)?
Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs due to ventricular failure.
The heart will first compensate -> increase HR -> ventricle will hypertrophy -> increase sympathetic activity -> and ventricles will dilate
What is Left-sided CHF?
The left ventricle of the heart no longer pumps enough blood around the body.
Can cause shortness of breath, and coughing - especially during physical activity.
(Most common type)
What is Right-sided CHF?
The right ventricle of the heart is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs.
