Unit 12 Patho Flashcards
What are the four primary functions of the respiratory system?
1) Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
2) Homeostatic regulation of body pH
3) Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
4) Vocalization
What is the definition of cellular respiration?
The intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs is known as what? Inspiration vs. Expiration?
Ventilation or breathing.
Inspiration is movement of air in the lungs. (alveolar pressure decreases)
Expiration is the movement of air out the lungs (alveolar pressure increases)
The respiratory system consist of what three structures in ventilation and gas exchange?
1) The conducting system or airways
2) The alveoli
3) The bones and muscles of the thorax and abdomen
What is the role of the airways?
What are the three conditioning components components of the airways
The conducting system from external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs
1) Heating
2) Adding water vapor
3) Filtering out foreign material
What are alveoli and what is the role of the alveoli?
Alveoli are a series of interconnected sacs and their associated pulmonary capillaries.
These structures form the exchange surface, where oxygen moves from inhaled air to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to air that is about to be exhaled.
What are the bones and muscles of the thorax the surround the lungs?
{together the bones and muscles are called the thoracic cage}
–The ribs and spine form the sides and top of the cage.
–The Diaphragm forms the floor of thorax
The internal and external intercostal muscles connect the 12 ribs. Additional muscles, include the SCM and scalenes.
The thorax is a sealed container with three membranous bags or sacs, what are they?
One pericardial sac which surrounds the heart.
The other two bags, the pleural sacs, each surround a lung.
-The esophagus and thoracic blood vessels and nerves pass between the pleural sac.
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx.
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Trachea, two primary bronchi and their branches, and the lungs.
(also known as “thoracic portion” of the respiratory system because it is enclosed in the thorax)
What is external respiration?
The movement of gases between the environment and the body’s cells.
What are the 4 processes of external respiration?
Exchange 1: Ventilation- the exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs (inspiration and expiration)
Exchange 2: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood
-Transport of O2 and CO2
Exchange 3: Exchange of gases between blood and the cells
What is the pathway that air takes?
Nose and mouth -> Pharynx -> Larynx
-> Primary bronchi (2) -> Secondary bronchi -> bronchioles
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
A genetic condition that causes dysfunction of the CFTR channel causing inadequate ion secretion decreasing fluid movement in the airways and thickened mucus that cannot be cleared, leading to lung infection.
What are the two types of Alveolar cells?
What is surfactant?
Type 1 (95%)
- Large, thinner cells that allow rapid gas exchange
Type 2 (5%)
- Smaller, thicker cells responsible for synthesis, storage, and secretion of pulmonary surfactant.
-Surfactant decreases surface tension and facilitates expansion of alveoli.
Which lung has three lobes?
Right lung
Which lung has two lobes?
Left lung
Describe the flow of Pulmonary Circulation.
Pulmonary circulation begins with the pulmonary trunk which receives low-oxygenated blood from the right ventricles.
(The pulmonary trunk divides in 2 pulmonary arteries, one to each lung)
Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
What is bulk flow?
Flow that takes place from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, and a muscular pump creates pressure gradients.
Describe Boyle’s Law.
An inverse relationship between pressure and volume.
When volume increases, pressure decreases and vise versa.
What is Tidal volume (TV)?
quiet breathing
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
After “quiet breathing” you take in as much additional air as possible
What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC) ?
Tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
After normal exhalation, exhale as much air as possible
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
The Remaining air in lungs and airways after maximal expiration.
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
Breathing in as much as possible then blowing it all out as fast as possible.
Tidal volume (TV ) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
What is total lung volume?
Tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)
What are the principle muscles for inspiration?
The Diaphragm and External Intercostals
What are the accessory muscles for inspiration?
SCM,
Scalenes, and
Pectoralis Minor
What are the “Quiet breathing” muscles for expiration?
Diaphragm,
passive recoil of lungs, and
rib cage
What are the active (forced) muscles for expiration?
Internal Intercostals and
Abdominals