Unit 1 Test

Question 1

Why is biodiversity important?

Answer 1

Has intrinsic and utilitarian value

We get food, oxygen, clean water, medicine, aesthetics, ideas, resistance to environmental stresses and diseases

Keeps environment stable and balanced

Question 2

How do we distinguish one species from another?

Answer 2

Morphology (the physical characteristics of organisms and the study of these characteristics)

Question 3

What are the parts of biodiversity?

Answer 3

1. Species diversity (different types of living organisms)
2. Genetic diversity (differences between living organisms within a species; genes create a unique offspring with gives the species the ability to adapt to changing environments)
3. Ecosystem Diversity (the variety of different habitats in a particular area; the more places to live, the more organisms can live there, the more diverse the area, the more stable the ecosystem)

Question 4

What are the threats to biodiversity?

Answer 4

Habitat destruction
Pollution 
Species invasion
Global climate change
Exploitation

Question 5

Describe how organisms are classified.

Answer 5

They are classified by their biological characteristics and their evolutionary origin and changes

Species were grouped into taxonomic ranks (taxons) which included 7 major levels (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

Similar species grouped into genera, similar genera into families, similar families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla, and phyla into kingdoms

Question 6

What is a dichotomous key?

Answer 6

A series of branching, two-part contrasting statements used to identify organisms

An easy method to identify them but not perfect

Question 7

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 7

A two-word naming system for species whereby species are assigned a genus name followed by a species name which form the official universally accepted name (ex Rosa canina)

Question 8

Name the 6 kingdoms and describe the characteristics with an example of each

Answer 8

Eubacteria: prokaryote; cell wall w/ peptidoglycan; unicellular; auto or hetero (E. coli)

Archaeabacteria: prokaryote; no peptidoglycan; unicellular; auto or hetero

Protista: eukaryote; some have cell walls w/ cellulose other w/ chloroplasts; most unicellular; auto or hetero (slime molds)

Fungi: eukaryote; cell wall w/ chitin; most multicellular; hetero (mushroom)

Plantae: eukaryote; cell walls of cellulose + chloroplasts; multicellular; auto (tree)

Animalia: eukaryote; no cell walls or chloroplasts; multicellular; hetero (human)

Question 9

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

Size, wall, cell, organelles, oxygen

Answer 9

P: small; rigid cell wall; single-celled; no membrane bound organelles; may not need O2; cell walls often contain peptidoglycan

E: larger; flexible cell wall; multi-cellular; membrane-bound organelles; usually need O2; cell walls when present are simple

Question 10

Describe how bacteria reproduce both sexually and asexually.

What other processes are there?

Answer 10

Asexually through binary fusion (cell division produces daughter cells)

Sexually through conjugation (donor cell attaches with conjugation tube to recipient cell and exchanged genetic material)

Spore formation

Question 11

Describe archaea.

Where are they found?

Answer 11

Unicellular prokaryotes; no peptidoglycan in wall, mostly abiotic (no oxygen)

They live in very harsh conditions (swamps, sewage, salt pools, springs, volcanoes)
(Methane-makers, salt-loving, thermoacidphiles)

Question 12

Compare archaea to eubacteria.

Answer 12

E: has peptidoglycan in cell walls; breathes oxygen; lives almost everywhere

A: no peptidoglycan in cell walls; can’t breathe oxygen/doesn’t have to; lives in harsh conditions

Question 13

What is gram staining?

Answer 13

Christian Gram discovered how to differentiate bacteria based on their color reaction to stains

Some retain dye and stain purple and are gram+

Other get counterstained pink and are gram-

Gram negative is a larger and more diverse group than gram positive; has periplasm and outer membrane where as positive doesn’t

Question 14

Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles.

Answer 14

The two types of viral infection

Lytic is where the virus enters and lyses (explodes) the cell, so the new viruses are released to attack other cells

Lysogenic is when the virus integrates its DNA into that of the host cell so when it divides its genetic info replicates with the rest of the cells DNA and can continue to breed virus infected cells for a long time

Question 15

What is a virus?

Answer 15

A core of DNA or RNA within a protein coating; only become active once inside a living host (it’s a parasite)

Not considers living
More than 160 major groups

Latin for poison

Question 16

What is a viroid?

What is a prion?

Answer 16

Only RNA w/out protein casing; enters cell and disrupts metabolism of plant cell and stunts growth

Only protein capsid w/ no DNA or RNA; discovered in sheep; could be cause of Mad Cow Disease

Question 17

How are viruses classified?

Answer 17

size; shape; genetic material( RNA vs DNA)

Question 18

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 18

A British doctor who was the first to attempt vaccination; infected people with non-lethal cowpox to immunize from smallpox (dangerous, lethal)

Question 19

How does HIV affect and infect our bodies?

Answer 19

Contracted through contact w/ blood or bodily fluids; pregnant women can give it to their babies through breastfeeding and vaginal birth

Destroys Helper T cells which are needed for normal immune system function

Question 20

Name the groups of protists. What are the general characteristics of each?

Answer 20

Protozoa: animal-like; ingest/absorb their food

Algae: plant-like; carry out photosynthesis

Slime and water molds: fungus-like; decomposes or parasites

Question 21

What group of protists cause malaria?

Answer 21

Sporozoans; parasitic; not self-moving

Question 22

What are the characteristics of fungi?

Answer 22

Eukaryotic; heterotrophs; chitin in cell walls; multicellular except yeasts; composed of hyphae (thin filaments); develops from a mycelium (like roots)

Question 23

Describe the life cycle of a fungus

Answer 23

The mycelium underground produce mushroom caps which spread spores carried by wind and other organisms then grow mycelium underground which produce mushroom caps above ground and so on

Question 24

Name and describe how lichens are formed

Answer 24

Lichens: symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

Three kinds: crustose (flat); foliose (resemble leaves); fruticose (grow upright)

(By name does she mean three kinds?)
(How lichens are formed?)

Question 25

Name some diseases caused by fungi

Answer 25

Mild athletes foot
Ringworm infections
Aspergillosis (potentially deadly lung disease)

Question 26

Why are plants important to us?

Answer 26

They photosynthesize and therefor make oxygen for us to breathe as well as are our main source of food (it not eating directly, what we eat eats it)

Question 27

What evidence suggests that plants evolve from algae?

Answer 27

Plants are determined to have evolved from green algae as they both contain chlorophyll a and b; the cell walls contain a lot of cellulose; store excess food as starch; contain specific pigments

Question 28

What common characteristics do plants share?

Answer 28

All higher plants are multicellular and eukaryotic; almost all perform photosynthesis; all have cell walls mainly of cellulose; can’t move from place to place

Question 29

What are bryophytes, Lycophytes, Pterophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms? How do they differ?

Answer 29

B: small seedless plant, lack vascular tissue; Moses
L: seedless, vascular; club mosses
P: seedless, vascular; ferns
G: seeds; vascular; coniferous trees
A: produced flowers/ flowering plants

Question 30

How do the life cycles of plants and animals differ?

Answer 30

Animals reproduce sexually using sperm and egg

Plants reproduce sexually and asexually

Question 31

What are vertebrates?

What are invertebrates?

Answer 31

An animal with a backbone or a notochord

An animal that does not have a backbone; the great majority of animal species are invertebrates

Question 32

What makes Chordates different from other animal phyla? What classes of organisms fall under this phylum? Example and key features of each

Answer 32

Chordates have a backbone or notochord

Classes in phylum chordata: Agnatha (jawless fishes ex lamprey); Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes ex sharks); Actinopterygii (bony fishes ex bass); Amphibia (ex frog); Reptilia (ex snakes); Aves (ex birds); Mammalia (ex mammals)

Question 33

How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ?

Answer 33

Deuterostomes: develop anus first

Protostomes: develop mouth first

Question 34

What are some of the invertebrate phyla?

Answer 34

Annelida (earthworm)

Mollusca (mollusks aka snails)

Nematoda (roundworms)