Genetics Test

Question 1

Study “Mitosis and Meiosis” deck

Answer 1

Seriously. Do it.

Question 2

What is non-disjunction?

Answer 2

The failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

Question 3

What is monosomy?

Answer 3

A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

Question 4

What is trisomy?

Answer 4

A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair

Question 5

What is Klinefelter’s?

Answer 5

A genetic disorder where the individual has two X and one Y chromosome, causing males to usually be sterile and exhibit some feminine body characteristics

Question 6

What is Down Syndrome?

Answer 6

A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual three copies of chromosome number 21, causing developmental and intellectual disabilities

Question 7

What is Turner Syndrome?

Answer 7

A genetic disorder in which a female has only one X chromosome and no Y, meaning she’s missing an X chromosome; do not mature sexually and are sterile

Question 8

What is a karyotype?

Answer 8

The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and shape; they can show genetic disorders in individuals

Question 9

What is a true-breeding organism?

Answer 9

An organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits

Question 10

What is a hybrid?

Answer 10

The offspring of two different true-breeding plants

Question 11

What did Mendel do?

Answer 11

Mendel crossed pure breeds of plants to study what the offspring of those plants would be genetically. He discovered the first generation the dominant trait would win out completely then he discovered in the F2 generation that there would roughly be a ratio of 3 to 1 meaning for every three dominant traits there would be one recessive trait

Question 12

What is an allele?

Answer 12

A specific form of a gene

Question 13

What is homozygous?

Answer 13

Two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive

Question 14

What is heterozygous?

Answer 14

Two different alleles

Question 15

What is a genotype?

Answer 15

The genetic makeup of an individual

Question 16

What is a phenotype?

Answer 16

An individuals outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic

Question 17

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 17

The allele that, if present, is always expressed

Question 18

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 18

The allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele

Question 19

What is a trait?

Answer 19

A particular version of a characteristic that is inherited

Question 20

What is a gene?

Answer 20

a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Question 21

What is a punnett square?

Answer 21

A diagram that summarizes every possible combination of each allele from each parent; a tool for determining the probability of a single offspring having a particular genotype

Question 22

What is a monohybrid cross used for?

Answer 22

Used to compare with the offspring would look like when you compare only one trait

Question 23

What is a dihybrid cross used for?

Answer 23

Comparing two different traits
(If two dogs produce an offspring, and one has grey fur one has black fur one has a long tail and one has a Short tail, use the information of which you know is dominant and which is recessive to determine what the phenotypes and genotypes would be of the offspring)

Question 24

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 24

Heterozygous individuals have an intermediate phenotype (the colors are blended together to form a third color) neither are dominant because neither mask the other

Question 25

What is co-dominance?

Answer 25

Both alleles are expressed fully to produce an offspring with a third mixed phenotype (a black rooster and a white rooster form a black and white rooster)

Question 26

What are multiple alleles?

Answer 26

There are more than two alleles for the treat making it a combo of codominant and dominant genetic traits (like blood types)

Question 27

What is a test cross?

Answer 27

A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait (whether hetero or homo)

Question 28

What is a pedigree?

Answer 28

A diagram of an individuals ancestors used in human genetics to analyze Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait; shows connections between parents and offspring, sex, and the presence or absence of a trait

Question 29

What does sex-linked mean?

Answer 29

Describes an allele that is found on one of the sex chromosome, X or Y, and when passed onto offspring is expressed; always recessive

Question 30

Describe how X-linked disorders affect each gender

Answer 30

If found on the X chromosome, a female has two X’s. Makes only have one (XY). The male will express the recessive allele from the mother no matter what because the Y cannot mask the effects of the allele. A female must inherit the gene from the mother and the father for it to appear, making women less susceptible

Question 31

What is DNA made of? (3 things)

Answer 31

A sugar phosphate basebone intertwining in a double helix. Nitrogen containing base pairs spread throughout: Adenine, Guanine (purines), Thymine and Cytosine (pyrimidines) each opposing on opposite sides (T always bonds/opposites A; G always bonds with C). Between the base pairs is Hydrogen bonds, A-T makes 2 H bonds and G-C makes 3 bonds

Question 32

What is DNA?

Answer 32

The genetic code or sequence that provides instructions on how to build proteins

Question 33

What are proteins?

Answer 33

Long chains of amino acids that perform specific tasks for the cell or organism; they are often enzymes or structural proteins