Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Which usage of directional term is correct?
The breastbone is dorsal to the spine.
The head is caudal to the abdomen.
The skeletal muscles are superficial to the skin.
The arms are lateral to the chest.
The arms are lateral to the chest.
Which of the following directional terms is accurate?
The heart is posterior to the lungs.
The heart is superficial to the lungs.
The heart is inferior to the lungs.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
The lungs are distal to the heart.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
A section that will allow you to look at the superior surface of the liver would be considered __________.
frontal
transverse
oblique
sagittal
transverse
A radiographic image that would show both lungs would need to be in what plane?
A sagittal and oblique section
A sagittal or frontal plane
A transverse or frontal plane
A sagittal plane or transverse
A transverse or frontal plane
The abdominal regions that are lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left inguinal regions
Hypogastric region
Epigastric region
Left and right lumbar regions
Right and left hypochondriac regions
Left and right lumbar regions
The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is:
(a) organ, organ system, cellular, chemical, tissue, organismal
(b) chemical, cellular, tissue, organismal, organ, organ system
(c) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
(d) organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
(c) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
The structural and functional unit of life is (a) a cell, (b) an organ, (c) the organism, (d) a molecule.
(a) a cell
Which of the following is a major functional characteristic of all organisms? (a) movement, (b) growth, (c) metabolism, (d) responsiveness, (e) all of these.
e
Two of these organ systems bear the major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis of the internal environment. Which two? (a) nervous system, (b) digestive system, (c) cardiovascular system, (d) endocrine system, (e) reproductive system.
(a) nervous system and (d) endocrine system
In (a)–(e), a directional term [e.g., distal in (a)] is followed by terms indicating different body structures or locations (e.g., the elbow/the wrist). In each case, choose the structure or organ that matches the given directional term.
(a) distal: the elbow/the wrist
(b) lateral: the hip bone/the umbilicus
(c) superior: the nose/the chin
(d) anterior: the toes/the heel
(e) superficial: the scalp/the skull
(a) wrist, (b) hip bone, (c) nose, (d) toes, (e) scalp
Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection? (a) thoracic cavity, (b) abdominal cavity, (c) pelvic cavity.
b
Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include:
(a) ventral; anterior
(b) back; rear
(c) posterior; dorsal
(d) medial; lateral
c
According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology?
Function (physiology) reflects structure (anatomy); structure will determine and/or influence function.
List and describe briefly five external factors that must be present or provided to sustain life.
Five survival factors are:
(1) nutrients—the chemical substances used for energy and cell building;
(2) oxygen—used in the reactions that produce cellular energy;
(3) water—the liquid environment necessary for all chemical reactions;
(4) body temperature—to maintain the proper temperature for chemical reactions to proceed; and
(5) atmospheric pressure—to allow gas exchange to occur.
NOWNA
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, atmospheric conditions
Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease
Being out of balance can cause disease and death
Differentiate between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
- Can generally be seen, smelled, and felt
Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion
Kinetic: energy in action
Potential: stored energy
Describe the major energy forms
Chemical: Stored in bonds of chemical substances
- Chemical energy in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems
- it is used to run almost all functional processes
Electrical: Results from movement of charged particles
- The nervous system uses electrical currents, nerve impulses, to transmit messages to different parts of the body
- Electrical currents in the heart cause contraction
Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter
- Muscle
Radiant or electromagnetic energy: travels in waves
Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary methods
CHON
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Define atom. List the subatomic particles, and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.
Clusters of subatomic particles that make of an element (protons, neutrons, electrons)
Protons:
- positive charge
- 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
Neutrons:
- Neutral charge
- 1 atomic mass unit
Electrons:
- negative charge
- 0 amu
Define atomic number, atomic mass, isotope, and radioisotope.
Atomic number: number of protons
- # of protons = electrons
Mass number: sum of protons + neutrons
Isotopes: structural variation of an atom
- same # of protons and neutrons, but vary in # of electrons
Radioisotopes: exhibit radioactivity, or atomic decay
- heavy isotopes of an element may be unstable and decay into a stable form
Define molecule
particle containing two or more atoms, combined by chemical bonds
What’s the difference between a compound and a mixture.
no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture!
two or more different atoms bind form a compound
- H2O is a compound
A mixture contains at least two substances that are physically intermixed
- solutions, colloids, and suspensions
Compare solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
**Solutions: **
- Solute particles are very tiny and do not scatter light
- homogenous
- (ex: mineral water)
**Colloids: **
- also called emulsions
- Larger solute particles, scatter light, do not settle out
- heterogenous
- fluid to gel - irreversible
- (ex: jello)
**Suspensions: **
- heterogenous
- Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light
- (ex: blood, sand)
Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding
Electrons shells that are full are stable and unreactive. If they are not full, they are reactive
(When we consider bonding behavior, the only electrons that are important are those in the atom’s outermost energy level
When the outermost energy level of an atom is filled to capacity or contains 8 electrons, the atom is stable. Such atoms are chemically inert, that is, unreactive)
Ionic bonds
atoms transfer 1+ electrons to another atom and form a chemical bond
Example: the formation of salt
Covalent bonds
Electron sharing to produce a stable molecule
ex: methane
Polar compounds versus nonpolar compounds
nonpolar:
- equal sharing of electrons
- balanced charge among atoms
polar:
- unequal sharing of electrons
- charged unbalanced
What are the three major types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange
Define the three major types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and exchange
Synthesis:
Molecules/atoms combine to form a more complex molecule
- bonds are made
- anabolic
Decomposition:
molecule/atom is broken down into smaller molecule/atom
- bonds are broken
- reverse synthesis
- catabolic
Exchange:
- reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition
- bonds are made, and bonds are broken
Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible
Chemical reactions that release energy won’t go in the opposite direction unless energy is put back into the system
Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates.
Particle size
Concentration size
Catalysts
Temperature
PCCT
Organic compounds
- contain carbon and are made by living things
- covalently bonded
inorganic compounds
compounds that lack carbon
Define acid and base
More hydrogen ions = more acidic
More hydroxl ions = more basic
Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates
Carbohydates are sugars and starches
- monosaccharides, disaccarides, and polysaccharides
- major function is to provide energy/cellular fuel
What happens as a solution shifts from pH 7 to pH 5?
a. H+ concentration increases 100-fold.
b. H+ concentration increases 2-fold.
c. H+ concentration decreases 10-fold.
d. OH- concentration increases 100-fold.
a. H+ concentration increases 100-fold.
The solution becomes more acidic as H+ ion concentration increases from 10-7 M to 10-5 M.
Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of lipids.
Lipids insulate body organs, build cell membrane, and provide potential energy
Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in forming and breaking down organic molecules.
Dehydration synthesis - synthesis by releasing water
Hydrolysis - decomposition by adding water
Dehydration synthesis is the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
Hydrolysis reactions are decomposition reactions in which complex molecules are broken down to simpler substances by addition of a water molecule to each bond.
Describe the four levels of protein structure.
- Primary: amino acids form polypeptide chain
- Secondary: chain forms spirals and sheets
- Tertiary: spirals and sheets fold onto each other to make a globular molecule
- Quaternary: functional protein
Describe enzyme action.
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction
DNA versus RNA
DNA: is the genetic material; directs protein synthesis; replicates itself before cell division
RNA: carries out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis
Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism
energy is captured and stored as small packets of energy in the bonds of ATP. ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells
Which term means toward the front
anterior
