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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter One: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter One: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The study of structure

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of function

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3
Q

What is the Principle of Complementarity?

A

Anatomy and Physiology are inseperable
- Function always reflects structure
- The capabilities of a structure depend on its form

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4
Q

What are the levels of structural organization, in order

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Organelle
  4. Cell
  5. Tissue
  6. Organ
  7. Organ System
  8. Organism

AMMOCTOOO (AMMO CEET OO)

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5
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

The cell

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6
Q

What are the necessary life functions?

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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7
Q

What defines life?

What does maintaining boundaries mean in terms of necessary life functions?

A

Seperates internal and external conditions to maintain internal conditions

Plasma membrane and skin

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8
Q

What defines life?

What does movement mean in terms of necessary life functions?

Movement = Contractility

A

Moving across a boundary
Cellular level: The ability to move nutrients in and out through a membrane
Macro level: The ability to move blood throughout the body

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9
Q

What defines life?

What does responsiveness mean in terms of necessary life functions?

A

The ability to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

What is homestasis?

A

Maintaining internal conditions in spite of external conditions

Failure to respond/maintain will result in death

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11
Q

What defines life?

What does digestion mean in terms of necessary life functions?

A

The ability to take macromolecules and break them down into smaller components

Absoption of simple molecules into blood

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12
Q

What defines life?

What is Metabolism in terms of necessary life functions?

A

Sum of all energy consumption and release of energy
Catabolism and Anabolism
- Needed for ATP!

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13
Q

What defines life?

What is excretion in terms of necessary life functions?

A

Disposal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

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14
Q

What defines life?

What does reproduction mean in terms of necessary life functions?

A

Cells have to be able to divide for growth or repair

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15
Q

What defines life?

What does growth mean in terms of necessary life functions?

A

Increase in size of a body part or of an organism

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16
Q

What defines life?

What is the defintion of survival need? What are they?

A

Survival needs are appropriate amounts necessary for life - too much or too life are harmful

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

NOWNA

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17
Q

Humans are ____cellular

A

Multicellular

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18
Q

Individuals cells must be kept ____ in order to function together

A

must be kept alive in order to function together

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19
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Mechanism involved if there is an attempt to negate a variable

EX: regulating body temperature

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20
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Reinforces stimulus
- very dangerous!

EX: blood clotthing, childbirth

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21
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A
  • Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, systemic, and surface anatomy)
  • Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
  • Developmental (e.g., embryology)
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22
Q

What are the subdivisions of physiology based on?

A

Organ systems

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23
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form

24
Q

How do we maintain boundaries between internal and external environments?

A

Plasma membranes
Skin

25
Q

Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine system mechanism) is an example of what feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback loop

26
Q

Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) is an example of which feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback loop

27
Q

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

A

Negative feedback loop

28
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

29
Q

An example of a positive feedback loop

A

childbirth

30
Q

Childbirth is an example of which feedback loop?

A

Positive feedback loop

31
Q

Which feedback loop response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus?

A

Postive feedback loop

32
Q

What type of loop may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect?

A

Positive feedback loop

33
Q

A disturbance of homeostasis may cause

A
  • Increases risk of disease
  • Contributes to changes associated with aging
  • Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (e.g., heart failure), SHOCK
34
Q

Anatomical variability

A

Humans differ externally and internally
- 90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook
Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place
Small muscle may be missing
- Extreme variations inconsistent with life

35
Q

What is the name of body cavities that are not exposed to environment

A

Synovial cavities

36
Q

Serous membrane or serosa

A

Thin, double-layered membranes

37
Q

Parietal serosa

A

lines internal body cavity walls

38
Q

lines internal body cavity walls

A

Parietal serosa

39
Q

Visceral serosa

A

covers internal organs (viscera)

40
Q

serosa that covers internal organs

A

Visceral serosa

41
Q

What organ is the Pericardium associated with

A

Heart

42
Q

What organ is the pleurae associated with?

A

The lungs

43
Q

Anatomy is the study of __ and their relationships. Physiology is the science of how body parts ___

A

body structures
body parts function.

44
Q

The 11 organ systems of the body are the ___ systems

A

The 11 organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

45
Q

The immune system is a functional system closely associated with the ___ system.

A

lymphatic

46
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms of the body contain at least three elements that work together: ___ ___ and ___

A

receptor(s), control center, and effector(s).

47
Q

With age, the efficiency of ___ mechanisms declines. These changes underlie certain disease conditions.

A

negative feedback

48
Q

The serosae produce a thin fluid that decreases __ during organ functioning.

A

friction

49
Q

The ___ is the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

A

The umbilical region

50
Q

The epigastric region is located ___ to the umbilical region

A

The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region .

(epi = upon, above; gastri = belly)

51
Q

The pubic region is located ____ to the umbilical region

A

inferior to the umbilical region
(hypo = below).

52
Q

The right and left inguinal, or iliac, regions are located lateral to the ___ region

A

hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).

53
Q

The right and left lateral (lumbar) regions lie lateral to the ___ region

A

umbilical

54
Q

The right and left hypochondriac regions lie lateral to the ___ region and deep to the __

A

lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs

55
Q

There are several smaller body cavities. Most of these are in the ___ and __ to the exterior

A

head and open

56
Q

The body contains __ major closed cavities. What are they?

A

two major closed cavities
- The dorsal cavity
- The ventral cavity

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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