Chapter One: Introduction Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of structure
What is Physiology?
The study of function
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
Anatomy and Physiology are inseperable
- Function always reflects structure
- The capabilities of a structure depend on its form
What are the levels of structural organization, in order
- Atom
- Molecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
AMMOCTOOO (AMMO CEET OO)
What is the smallest unit of life?
The cell
What are the necessary life functions?
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
What defines life?
What does maintaining boundaries mean in terms of necessary life functions?
Seperates internal and external conditions to maintain internal conditions
Plasma membrane and skin
What defines life?
What does movement mean in terms of necessary life functions?
Movement = Contractility
Moving across a boundary
Cellular level: The ability to move nutrients in and out through a membrane
Macro level: The ability to move blood throughout the body
What defines life?
What does responsiveness mean in terms of necessary life functions?
The ability to maintain homeostasis
What is homestasis?
Maintaining internal conditions in spite of external conditions
Failure to respond/maintain will result in death
What defines life?
What does digestion mean in terms of necessary life functions?
The ability to take macromolecules and break them down into smaller components
Absoption of simple molecules into blood
What defines life?
What is Metabolism in terms of necessary life functions?
Sum of all energy consumption and release of energy
Catabolism and Anabolism
- Needed for ATP!
What defines life?
What is excretion in terms of necessary life functions?
Disposal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
What defines life?
What does reproduction mean in terms of necessary life functions?
Cells have to be able to divide for growth or repair
What defines life?
What does growth mean in terms of necessary life functions?
Increase in size of a body part or of an organism
What defines life?
What is the defintion of survival need? What are they?
Survival needs are appropriate amounts necessary for life - too much or too life are harmful
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
NOWNA
Humans are ____cellular
Multicellular
Individuals cells must be kept ____ in order to function together
must be kept alive in order to function together
Negative Feedback
Mechanism involved if there is an attempt to negate a variable
EX: regulating body temperature
Positive Feedback
Reinforces stimulus
- very dangerous!
EX: blood clotthing, childbirth
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
- Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, systemic, and surface anatomy)
- Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
- Developmental (e.g., embryology)
What are the subdivisions of physiology based on?
Organ systems
Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form
How do we maintain boundaries between internal and external environments?
Plasma membranes
Skin
Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine system mechanism) is an example of what feedback loop?
Negative feedback loop
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) is an example of which feedback loop?
Negative feedback loop
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Negative feedback loop
Negative feedback loop
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
An example of a positive feedback loop
childbirth
Childbirth is an example of which feedback loop?
Positive feedback loop
Which feedback loop response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus?
Postive feedback loop
What type of loop may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect?
Positive feedback loop
A disturbance of homeostasis may cause
- Increases risk of disease
- Contributes to changes associated with aging
- Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (e.g., heart failure), SHOCK
Anatomical variability
Humans differ externally and internally
- 90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook
Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place
Small muscle may be missing
- Extreme variations inconsistent with life
What is the name of body cavities that are not exposed to environment
Synovial cavities
Serous membrane or serosa
Thin, double-layered membranes
Parietal serosa
lines internal body cavity walls
lines internal body cavity walls
Parietal serosa
Visceral serosa
covers internal organs (viscera)
serosa that covers internal organs
Visceral serosa
What organ is the Pericardium associated with
Heart
What organ is the pleurae associated with?
The lungs
Anatomy is the study of __ and their relationships. Physiology is the science of how body parts ___
body structures
body parts function.
The 11 organ systems of the body are the ___ systems
The 11 organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
The immune system is a functional system closely associated with the ___ system.
lymphatic
Homeostatic control mechanisms of the body contain at least three elements that work together: ___ ___ and ___
receptor(s), control center, and effector(s).
With age, the efficiency of ___ mechanisms declines. These changes underlie certain disease conditions.
negative feedback
The serosae produce a thin fluid that decreases __ during organ functioning.
friction
The ___ is the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).
The umbilical region
The epigastric region is located ___ to the umbilical region
The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region .
(epi = upon, above; gastri = belly)
The pubic region is located ____ to the umbilical region
inferior to the umbilical region
(hypo = below).
The right and left inguinal, or iliac, regions are located lateral to the ___ region
hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).
The right and left lateral (lumbar) regions lie lateral to the ___ region
umbilical
The right and left hypochondriac regions lie lateral to the ___ region and deep to the __
lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs
There are several smaller body cavities. Most of these are in the ___ and __ to the exterior
head and open
The body contains __ major closed cavities. What are they?
two major closed cavities
- The dorsal cavity
- The ventral cavity
