Chapter Two: Chemistry Flashcards
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Energy
The capacity to do work or put matter into motion
Two types of energy
Kinetic and Potential
What is an atomic symbol
One of two letter chemical shorthand for each element
What is the atomic number?
- Element’s defining trait
- Tells the number of protons and electrons
Top number above the atomic symbol
Where is the atomic mass found?
Bottom number
What is the formula to find number of neutrons?
Atomic mass - atomic number = neutrons
What charge are protons?
Positive
What charge are electrons?
Negative
What is the formula to find number of nucleons?
Protons + Neutons
What is the backbone of biological macromolecules?
Carbon
What are physical elements?
Detectable with our senses
What are chemical elements?
How atoms interact and bond with one another
What 4 elements make up 96.1% of the body’s mass?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Which 9 elements make up 3.9% of body mass
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iodine
Iron
What are trace elements?
Very minute mounts of 11 elements that make up less than 0.01% of the body’s mass
Chemical energy
Stored in bonds of chemical substances
Electrical energy
Results from movement of charged particles
Mechanical energy
Directly involved in moving matter
Atoms
- Smallest stable unit of matter
- Unique building blocks for each element
- Give each element its physical & chemical properties
- Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element
Atoms are composed of __ particles
subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons, neutrons, and electrons are
Subatomic particles
Where are protons located?
In the nucleus
Where are neutrons located?
In the nucleus
Where are electrons located?
In orbit in an electron cloud
What is the charge and mass of protons?
- positive charge
- Mass = 1 amu
What is the charge and weight of a neutron?
- no charge
- Mass = 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
What is the charge and weight of an electron?
- Negative charge
- o amu
Number of __tons and __trons are always equal
Number of protons and electrons are always equal
Atomic number
- Number of protons in nucleus of the atom
Written as subscript to left of atomic symbol
Mass number
- Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of the atom
- Total mass of atom
- Written as superscript to left of atomic symbol
What are Isotopes?
- Structural variations of atoms
- Differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Atomic weight
Average of mass numbers (relative weights) of all isotopes of an atom
Radioisotopes
- Heavy isotopes decompose to more stable forms
- Similar to tiny explosion
- Can transform into different element
__ are energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms
Chemical bonds
Electrons can occupy up to __ electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus
7
Valence shell
- outermost electron shell
- Electrons here have most potential energy and are chemically reactive electrons
Octet rule
Except for the first shell (full with two electrons) atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell
Rule of 8’s
Chemically Inert Elements
- Stable and unreactive
- Valence shell fully occupied or contains eight electrons
- Noble gases
Chemically reactive elements
- Valence shell is not full
- Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability
Three major types of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
Ions
Atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged
When the number of Protons ≠ Number of Electrons
Anion
Atom that gained one or more electrons
Atom that gained one or more electrons
Anion
Cation
Atom that lost one or more electrons
Atom that lost one or more electrons
Cation
Attraction of opposite charges results in an __ bond
ionic
Covalent bonds
- Formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons
- Allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time
Nonpolar covalent bonds
- Electrons shared equally
- Produces electrically balanced, nonpolar molecules such as CO2
Small atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons are __
electronegative
Most atoms with one or two valence shell electrons are __
electropositive
Ionic bond
Complete transfer of electrons
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing
of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond
Equal sharing of
electrons
Molecule
- Two or more atoms bonded together
Compound
Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
(Can only be seperated by breaking bonds)
All are homogeneous
Mixture
Two or more components physically intermixed
(No chemical bonding between components - Can be separated by physical means, such as straining or filtering)
Heterogeneous and homogeneous
Three types of mixtures
- Solutions
- Colloids
- Suspensions
Homogeneous mixtures
Solutions
Heterogeneous mixtures
Colloids
Suspensions
Solvent
- Substance present in great amount in a mixture
- usually water
Solute
smaller amounts in a mixture, dissolved in a solvent
Colloids
Emulsions
- large solute particples do not settle out
ex: jello
Suspensions
Large visible solutes settle out
EX: blood
Chemical reactions occur when
chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Patterns of chemical reactions
- synthesis
- decomposition
- exchange
reactants
The number and kinds of the interacting substances
products
The chemical composition of the result of the reaction
The number and kinds of the interacting substances
Reactants
The chemical composition of the result of the reaction
Products
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
Synthesis
a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
Decomposition
What type of reaction includes both synthesis and decomposition?
Exchange/displacement
Bonds formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons
Covalent bonds
Acidosis
A condition of acidity or low pH (below 7.35) of the blood
- high hydrogen ion concentration
Alkalosis
- A condition of basicity or high pH (above 7.45) of the blood
- low hydrogen ion concentration.
Most ionic compounds are __
salts
Attraction of opposite charges results in an ___ bond
ionic
Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons are
electropositive
What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?
Nonpolar covalent bonds : electrons are shared equally, and balanced nonpolar molecules are produced
Polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons - can be electronegative or electropositive
How can compounds be separated?
Only by breaking bonds
Stored in bonds of chemical substances
Chemical energy
Results from movement of charged particles
Electrical energy
Directly involved in moving matter
Mechanical energy
Elements
– Matter is composed of elements
– Elements cannot be broken into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical methods
Which property is detectable with our senses/measurable?
Physical
Which property relates to how atoms bond with one another?
Chemical
___ are energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms
Chemical bonds
Electrons in valenceshell
- Have most ___ energy
– Are chemically __electrons
Potential energy
Chemically reactive
In terms of reactivity and stability, noble gases are ___ and ____
stable and unreactive
Chemically Reactive Elements tend to ___ with other atoms to achieve stability
gain, lose, or share electrons
Anion is what charge
Negative
Cation is what charge
positive
Attraction of opposite charges results in a(n) ___ bond
Ionic
Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule results in which bond?
Hydrogen bond
Which reaction is this?
Atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecule
– Always involve bond formation
– Anabolic
Synthesis
In a synthesis reaction, __ particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules
smaller
Which reaction is this?
– Molecule is broken down into smaller
molecules or its constituent atoms * Reverse of synthesis reactions
– Involve breaking of bonds
– Catabolic
Decomposition
What type of reaction is shown here?
AB → A + B
Decomposition
What type of reaction is shown here?
A + B → AB
Synthesis
Which reaction is this?
– Also called displacement reactions
– Involve both synthesis and decomposition – Bonds are both made and broken
Exchange
What type of reaction is shown here?
AB + C → AC + B
Exchange
Exergonic Reactions
net __ of energy
Release
Exergonic reactions
Products have __ potential energy than reactants
less
Endergonic reactions
net __ of energy
Absoption
All chemical reactions are theoretically __
reversible
Chemical equilibrium occurs if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is __
dominant
Why are most biological reactions essentially irreversible?
energy requirements and removal of products
Catalysts: ↑ Rate without being chemically ___ or part of product
changed
___ are biological catalysts
Enzymes
What affects the rate of chemical reactions?
Temperature
Concentration of reactant
Particle size
Biochemistry is defined as
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
Water, salts, and many acids and bases are examples of which class of compound?
Inorganic
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic
acids are examples of which class of compound?
organic compounds
Which classification of compound contains carbon?
organic
What is the most important inorganic compound?
Water
What is the most abundant inorganic compound? What percent of volume does it make up in living cells?
Water, and it makes up 60-80% of the volume of living cells
Water has a __ heat capacity
and a __ heat of vaporization
high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization
Salts
Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
Ions (electrolytes) conduct __ currents in solution
electrical
Acids and Bases
- __ are electrolytes
- Ionize and __ in water
- Both
- dissociate
Acids and Bases
- Both are __
- __ and dissociate in water
- electrolytes
- ionize
Acids are __ donors
proton
Acids are proton __
donors
Bases are __ acceptors
proton
Bases are proton __
acceptors
Acids release __ in solution
H+
Take up H+ from solution
Bases
Bases take up __ from solution
H+
As free [H+] increases, __ increases
acidity
As free [H+] decreases __ increases
alkalinity
What type of solution is being described?
[H+], ↓ pH
An acidic solution
What type of solution is being described?
[H+], ↑ pH
A basic solution
- Alkaline
Acidic pH values:
0–6.99
Alkaline pH values:
7.01–14
All neutral solutions are pH __
7
Results from mixing acids and bases
Neutralization
pH is regulated by ___
kidney, lungs, and chemical buffers
Biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Polymers are __
chains of monomers that are similar units
Which biological macromolecule is not a polymer?
lipids
Biological macromolecules are synthesized by __
dehydration synthesis
Biological macromolecules are __ by dehydration synthesis
synthesized
Biological macromolecules are broken down by __ reactions
hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
Water molecule breaks down one or more chemical bonds
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
Dehydration synthesis
Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
What are the three classes of carbohydrates?
Monosaccarides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
- Major source of cellular fuel
- Structural molecules
Simple sugars containing three to seven C atoms
Monosaccharides
Double sugars that are too large to pass through cell membranes
Disaccharides
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are what type of saccharides?
Disaccharides
Long chains of linked monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen are what type of saccharides?
Polysaccharides
Are polysaccharides soluble?
Polysaccharides are not very soluble
What are the main types of lipids?
- Neutral fats or triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
solubility
Lipids are __ in water
Insoluble
Neutral Fats or Triglycerides are called __ when solid and __ when liquid
fats when solid, oil when liquid
Triglycerides are comprised of __
Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
What are the main functions of triglycerides?
- energy storage
- insulation
- protection
Solid animal fats are __ fatty acids
saturated
olive oil is an example of a(n) __ fatty acid
unsaturated
Single covalent bonds between C atoms make up
saturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds between C atoms make up
unsaturated fatty acids
Phosholipids are important for __
cell membrane structure
What is the most important steroid?
Cholesterol
Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Cholesterol
Lipoproteins transport __ in the blood
fats
__ are the monomers in proteins
amino acids
What are the 4 sequences of protein structure?
-
Primary structure:
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain. -
Secondary structure:
The primary chain forms spirals (α-helices) and sheets (β-sheets). -
Tertiary structure:
Superimposed on secondary structure. α-Helices and/or β-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds. -
Quaternary structure:
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.
keratin, elastin, and collagen are examples of what proteins?
Fibrous
Fibrous (structural) proteins provide __ support and __ strength
mechanical support and tensile strength
antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes are examples of what proteins?
Globular (functional)
Proteins that are compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Globular
Proteins that are standlike, water-insoluble, and stable
Fibrous proteins
What can cause protein denaturation?
Decreased pH or increased temperature
When denaturization occurs, Globular proteins __
unfold and lose shape
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
Enzymes
what is the function of Catalysts
regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions