Chapter 4 and 5: Tissues and the Integumentary System

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Groups of cells similar in strucutre that perform common or related function

Question 2

Histology is the study of

Answer 2

Tissues

Question 3

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue
- covers

Connective tissue
- supports

Muscle tissue
- produces movement

Nerve tissue
- controls

Question 4

Is tissue fixed or flexible?

Answer 4

fixed

Question 5

Main functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 5

• protection
• absorption
• filtrations
• secretion
• sensory reception

Question 6

Five characterisitics of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

Polarity
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated
Can regenerate

Question 7

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 7

Form boundaries

Question 8

Are cells polar or nonpolar?

Answer 8

Polar

Question 9

What are the specialized contacts that bind adjacent cells?

Answer 9

• tight junctions
• desmosomes

Question 10

Epithelial tissues are supported by __ tissue

Answer 10

connective

Question 11

what is the Basement Membrane is comprised of and what are it’s functions?

Answer 11

• basal lamina + reticular lamina
• reinforces epithelial sheet
• resists stretching and tearing
• defines epithelial boundary

Question 12

Epithelial tissue is ____ but innervated

Answer 12

avascular

Question 13

How is epithelial tissue nourished? Why does this happen?

Answer 13

Must be nourished by diffusion from underlying connective tissues

Question 14

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Answer 14

• protection
• absorption
• filtrations
• secretion
• sensory reception

Question 15

Label

Answer 15

Question 16

In which layer are keratinocytes of the epidermis generated?

Answer 16

The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis. Mitosis of stem cells within this layer gives rise to the keratinocytes that comprise most of the cells of the superficial layers of the epidermis.

Question 17

Which cell type found in the epidermis is associated with immune system defenses?

Answer 17

Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

Question 18

made up of strong, flexible connective tissue. Its cells are typical of those found in any connective tissue proper: fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.

Answer 18

The dermis

Question 19

Two layers of the dermis

Answer 19

papillary and reticular

Question 20

What type of tissue comprises the papillary layer

Answer 20

Areolar connective

Question 21

What type of tissue comprises the reticular dermis?

Answer 21

coarse, dense irregular connective tissue

Question 22

What are striae?

Answer 22

White scars caused by extreme stretching of the skin;stretch marks

Question 23

The deeper region of the dermis is formed primarily of which tissue type?

Answer 23

The deeper region of the dermis is the reticular layer and is formed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue. The abundance of collagen fibers in this layer gives skin strength and resiliency.

Question 24

Which of the following are not found within the dermis?

keratinocytes

fibroblasts

tactile corpuscles

blood vessels

Answer 24

Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes occupy the epidermis not the dermis.

Question 25

Melanin

Answer 25

Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair. polymer made of an amino acid called tyrosine. Its two forms range in color from reddish yellow to brownish black

Question 26

Freckles and pigmented nevi (moles) are local accumulations of ___

Answer 26

Melanin

Question 27

Carotene

Answer 27

can be converted to vitamin A, a vitamin that is essential for normal vision, as well as for epidermal health Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum epidermal layer and in fatty tissue of the subcutaneous tissue.

Question 28

Hemoglobin

Answer 28

Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes.

Question 29

Cyanosis

Answer 29

hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, the skin may take on a bluish-gray tint, especially in the mucous membranes and nail beds. Cyanosis can be a sign of respiratory or cardiovascular problems.

Question 30

Pallor/blanching

Answer 30

During emotional stress, blood may be diverted from the skin to internal organs, causing the person to look “as white as a sheet. Low blood pressure and anemia (decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen) may also cause pallor.

Question 31

erythema

Answer 31

Redness of the skin may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, inflammation, or allergy.

Question 32

Jaundice

Answer 32

Yellowness Normally the liver eliminates bilirubin, a waste from red cell breakdown. This yellow pigment accumulates in body tissues when the liver doesn’t function properly. discoloration most obvious in the sclerae, or whites, of the eyes. Eating large amounts of yellow vegetables, which contain carotene, may cause golden skin, but the sclerae remain white.

Question 33

Brown or black “necklace,” or bruises

Answer 33

sometimes mistaken for a lack of cleanliness. These areas of velvety hyperpigmentation may be a sign of insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose.

Question 34

Five characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Answer 34

•Polarity •Specialized contacts •Supported by connective tissues •Avascular, but innervated •Can regenerate

Question 35

Label

Answer 35

Question 36

Functions of the Basement membrane

Answer 36

–Basal lamina + reticular lamina –Reinforces epithelial sheet –Resists stretching and tearing –Defines epithelial boundary

Question 37

Label

Answer 37

Question 38

Which pigment is localized within the dermis?

Answer 38

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a red pigment found in blood cells circulating through the dermal capillaries that produces the pinkish hue of fair skin.

Question 39

flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells

Answer 39

hairs

Question 40

Peripheral connective tissue sheath (fibrous sheath)

Answer 40

connective tissue sheath originating from the dermis and forming the outer layer of hair follicle wall

Question 41

connective tissue sheath originating from the dermis and forming the outer layer of hair follicle wall

Answer 41

Peripheral connective tissue sheath (fibrous sheath)

Question 42

Glassy membrane

Answer 42

at the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial root sheath | basically the basement membrane of the follicle epithelium

Question 43

at the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial root sheath

Answer 43

Glassy membrane

Question 44

Epithelial root sheath

Answer 44

derived from the epidermis and comprised of two parts: external root sheath and internal root sheath

Question 45

tiny smooth muscles attached to hair follicles that cause the hair to go upright

Answer 45

arrector pili

Question 46

vellus hair

Answer 46

body hair of children and adult women

Question 47

terminal hair

Answer 47

course hair of scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes

Question 48

terminal hairs grow in response to the stimulating effects of ___

Answer 48

androgens

Question 49

Which of the following is found outside the wall of the hair follicle? arrector pili muscle melanocytes cortex hair papilla

Answer 49

arrector pili muscle

Question 50

a fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water resistant.

Answer 50

keratin

Question 51

sweat glands that are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland.

Answer 51

Eccrine sweat glands (ek′rin; “secreting”), also called merocrine sweat glands

Question 52

Sweating’s major role is to ___

Answer 52

prevent the body from overheating

Question 53

Emotionally induced sweating—the so-called “cold sweat” brought on by fright or nervousness—begins ____ and then spreads to other body areas.

Answer 53

begins at the palms, soles, and axillae (armpits) and then spreads

Question 54

- glands that lie deeper in the dermis or even in the subcutaneous tissue, and their ducts empty into hair follicles. - The secretion is odorless, but when bacteria on the skin decompose its organic molecules, it takes on a musky and generally unpleasant odor, the basis of body odor. - two important types

Answer 54

apocrine sweat glands

Question 55

Two important types of modified apocrine glands

Answer 55

Ceruminous glands - secretion found in the ear canal - mixes with sebum to make cerumen (earwax) Mammary glands - secrete milk

Question 56

Ceruminous glands and Mammary glands are both important types of __ glands

Answer 56

apocrine

Question 57

brached alveolar glands found all over except area of thick skin and secrete sebum

Answer 57

sebaceous glands