Unit 1 - Notecards

Question 1

Cuneiform

Answer 1

In Meopotamia), civilization rose with city-states called Sumer. Was created during Sumer’s height of culture. Need to have info recorded in trade, government..etc The first type of writing developed by the Sumerians, wrote on clay tablets First systems of writing. Influenced other civilizations to create/adopt their own system of writing.

Question 2

Sargon I

Answer 2

Some city states in Sumer ruled by generals First ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states around 2300 BC Created first empire in Mesopotamia & world’s first permanent army

Question 3

Indo-Europeans

Answer 3

Steppes of South Russia, north of black sea, tribes in the Fertile Crescent Tribes that invaded Babylon who spoke related languages. Most likely driven out of land by drought, conflict, or lack of resources Bring knowledge of chariots and iron working

Question 4

Steppes

Answer 4

Some land not suited for agriculture, north of the black sea, in central Asia Homeland of Indo-Europeans with flat plains and arid (dry) grasslands Conditions of the Steppes made the Indo-Europeans leave and conquer great civilizations in the Middle East, India and Europe

Question 5

Torah

Answer 5

Jewish people began writing down events related to Abraham and successors who made covenant with God 5 books on history. Sacred text of Judaism. Part of Hebrew Bible. Foundation for Christian Bible and Koran.

Question 6

Monotheism

Answer 6

Some followers of polytheism began to worship ONE all powerful God Worship of one all-powerful God Monotheism becomes one of fastest growing trends in religion

Question 7

Darius I

Answer 7

Rose to power after rebellion & death of Cambyses (son of Cyrus) The height of the Persian Empire was reached under his rule Created standing army, elite soldiers. Surrounded kingship with ceremony & ritual. Chose governors called Satraps to maintain control; minted coins & increased trade, built Royal Road

Question 8

Satraps

Answer 8

Regions could be governed even if the king isn’t there Governors chosen by the king to represent the king in a region Rule and order was established

Question 9

Messiah

Answer 9

Not all the Jewish were willing to take Roman arms The Jewish spiritual leader who would restore the ancient kingdom and bring peace Still kept the religion alive

Question 10

Popes

Answer 10

Peter the Apostle founded the Roman Church and acted as first bishop Popes were bishops of Rome and were seen as Peter’s spiritual heirs Believed all future popes would inherit keys to kingdom heaven. All bishops should acknowledge authority of Pope as head of Church

Question 11

Hegira

Answer 11

People in Mecca persecute Muhammad and his followers, death of powerful uncle Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina Islam spreads in Medina and Muhammad conquers Mecca, becomes year 1 in calendar

Question 12

Five Pillars of Islam

Answer 12

Taught people how to act when worshipping God 5 basic acts of worship, guidelines for moral behavior People’s lifestyle changes still exist today

Question 13

Caliph

Answer 13

Muhammad dies without having a successor. Abu Bakr was close companion of Muhammad (prophet). Successor for leader position in Islam filled by Abu Bakr Caliphs ensured law and order. Inherited Muhammad’s quest to expand the Islamic world

Question 14

Sunnis

Answer 14

Muslims didn’t like Muowiya Means “followers of the Sunna” or “way of the Prophet” Muslim reluctant followers of Umayyade Conflict could emerge between Muslims and Umayyed

Question 15

Shia

Answer 15

At war with Sunni about Islamic border Means party of Ali, believed God blessed Ali’s descendants because they were Muhammad’s true heir, refused to go with Umayyads Caused great war between two

Question 16

Harun al-Rashid

Answer 16

Helped Muslam culture spread Brought Muslim culture to great heights from 768 to 809 Helped produce achievements in Islamic arts and sciences

Question 17

Astrolabe

Answer 17

Astronomy was needed for religious obligation and navigations under the Caliphate An instrument used to find the positions and movements of stars and planets Calculated latitude & longitude, direction to Mecca, later adopted by Spanish and Portuguese to navigate globe

Question 18

Minarets

Answer 18

Faithful were called to pray Tall towers used to pay Landmarks of prayer sites

Question 19

Janissaries

Answer 19

Christian boys were taken from conquered areas, and turned into elite soldiers Elite soldiers Had a giant army that could be used for conquest

Question 20

Suleyman I

Answer 20

Controlled Ottoman Empire land, reformed tax system Suleyman the Magnificent, the law giver, ruler of Ottoman Empire from 1570 - 1566 Helped improve Ottoman Empire

Question 21

Mesopotamia

Answer 21

Some regions of Earth better suited for agriculture Historical region in Western Asia within the Tigris -Euphrates river First agricultural civilization develops here (Sumer)

Question 22

Ziggurat

Answer 22

Large cities emerged in Mesopotamia 3000 BC and in the center there was a temple containing a ziggurat At the heart of the temple, pyramid shapped structure rose to the sky, where priests offered polytheistic worship Very important part of the temple, religion shaped people’s lives. Survive far into the future, copied by many civilizations.