Chapter 17.1 Flashcards
How did the Ottoman Empire start? When?
Mongol conquests of the 1200s ripped apart the Turk empire.
Small, independent Turkish states formed in the region.
What happened in late 1200s to found the Ottoman Empire
In the late 1200s, a great leader arose from one of the states and went
on to found the powerful Ottoman Empire
In the early 1300s, What was the name for modern day Turkey?
Anatolia
In the early 1300s, what bordered Anatolia on the west, on the east and on the borth
Early 1300s, Anatolia bordered by
declining Christian Byzantine Empire to west,
Muslim empires to east;
to north, Russia
What kind of society was in Anatolia (Turkey)
Turks of Anatolia (Turkey) mainly Muslim, nomadic, militaristic society
What kind of people were the Ottomans?
Nomadic people,
ghazis, “warriors for the Islam faith”
Who was the leader that build a strong state in Anatolia by 1300
Leader Osman I had built strong state in Anatolia (Turkey) by 1300
Osman, descendants came to be known as _________ to Westerners
Ottomans
Osman’s son, Orhan I, became the second Ottoman ruler.
He declared himself _______, Arabic for “Ruler”
Osman’s son, Orhan I, became second Ottoman ruler; declared himself sultan, Arabic for “ruler”
What did the Sultan attack?
Attacked Byzantine Empire
1361, took ____________, the second most important Byzantine city; renamed ______, made it capital
1361, took Adrianople, second most important Byzantine city; renamed Edirne, made it capital
By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of _____________ (where?)
By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of Balkan ( bulkan ) Peninsula
What was the key to Ottoman success
Military key to Ottoman success
What did the Ottomans do to the Christians?
Ottomans enslaved Christian boys and converted them to Islam, trained as elite soldiers, Janissaries
What did the Ottomans have that gave them military might?
Ottomans also adopted gunpowder weapons
Now possible to take cities defended by heavy walls
What started the Ottoman’s decline?
Despite strong military, Ottomans experienced setback
Central Asian conqueror Timur attacked
What happened to Ottoman Empire after Timur’s invasion?
In 1402, Timur’s army crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara
Timur soon withdrew
Ottoman empire left in shambles
Ruler dead
Bloody power struggle followed, weakened empire
In mid-1400s, ________ was determined to conquer ________, the Byzantine capital
Mid-1400s, Mehmed II determined to take Constantinople, Byzantine capital
What was the trade route between Asia, Europe?
Who controlled this route?
Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait, trade route between Asia, Europe
Did the Ottomans control Constantinople?
Ottomans had captured lands around Constantinople, but not city itself
What started the fall of Constantinople?
How did it happen?
1453, Ottomans led major land, sea assault against Constantinople
Used massive cannons to batter city’s walls; city fell after two months
Who caused the end of the Byzantine Empire?
Byzantine Empire no longer existed;
Mehmed became known as “the Conqueror;”
What did Mehmed the Conqueror claim as center of religion?
claimed center of eastern Christianity for Islam
What did Mehmed do to Constantinople?
Mehmed made Constantinople his capital, named Istanbul
Allowed soldiers to pillage city for three days
Many residents killed or enslaved
Then rebuilt Constantinople into Muslim city
What did Mehmed build in Istanbul?
What was the city like?
Mehmed had palaces, mosques built, turned Hagia Sophia, Orthodox Christian cathedral, into mosque
Soon city again major trade center with people of many cultures
Who was leader of the Ottoman Empire at its height?
Empire reached height under Suleyman I, known in West as Suleyman “the Magnificent”
How did Suleyman I capture the holy cities of Islam?
Which were the holy cities?
In 1514 Ottoman forces crushed Safavids (safaweeds ) at Battle of Chaldiran
Next swept through Syrian, into Egypt in North Africa
Soon after captured Mecca, Medina, holy cities of Islam
What did Suleyman do during his 46 year reign?
During Suleyman’s forty-six year reign, Ottoman forces pushed through Hungary up to Vienna
Navy gained control of eastern Mediterranean, North African coast
Reformed tax system, overhauled government bureaucracy, improved court system, legal code
What was the rule of Sultans?
Ottoman sultan ruled over vast, diverse empire; had immense power, issued all laws, made all major decisions
Numerous officials advised sultan—considered his slaves; had to be loyal to sultan, practice Islam, follow Ottoman customs
What was class structure like in Ottoman society?
Privileged ruling class one of two classes—second class, everyone else
Included people of many cultures, languages, religions
Ottomans governed diverse subjects with tolerance
What was religion like in the Ottoman Empire?
Religious Freedom
Non-Muslims had to pay heavy taxes, endure restrictions; did not have to serve in military—Muslims had to join military, but did not pay taxes
Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form millets, or religious communities; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders
What were the best of Ottman culture?
Great Buildings
Magnificent mosques, palaces, many with Byzantine influence
Mosque of Suleyman - Graceful solution of problem of combining round dome, rectangular building
What happened to Ottoman Empire after Suleyman died?
Empire’s Decline
After Suleyman’s reign, empire declined
New sultans killed brothers to eliminate rivals until 1600s
Inexperienced Sultans -
Despite periodic reform efforts, series of weak sultans resulted
Empire lasted to early 1900s
Who came into conflict with the Ottomans and other Muslims?
The Safavids soon came into conflict with the Ottomans and other Muslims.
The conflict related to Islam’s split into rival Sunni and Shia sects. The
Safavids were Shia; most other Muslims were Sunnis.
Who lead growth of the Safavid Empire?
14-year old Esma’il, founder of Safavid Empire
Father died fighting Sunni Muslims
1501 led army in Persian conquests
What was the official religion of the Safavid Empire?
Gained control of what is now Iran, part of Iraq
Took Persian title of shah , “king” of Safavid Empire
Made Shiism official religion
What was the Persian tradition?
How did it lay foundation for current culture?
Sunnis majority in empire
Blending of Shia religion, Persian tradition gave Safavid state unique identity
Laid foundation for national culture of present day Iran
