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History Patterns - Unit 1 > Chapter 9.1 & 9.2 & 9.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 9.1 & 9.2 & 9.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Muslim religion started where?

A

The Arabian Peninsula

1,500 years ago small bands of bedouins (Desert nomads) moved their herds in the desert

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2
Q

What was the Arabian peninsula like?

A

Farming limited in Arabia

Commerce:

Trade routes

Ideas as well as merchandise exchanged

Towns rose near coasts

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3
Q

What was the most important town?

A

Mecca, near Red Sea, most important of coastal towns

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4
Q

What is the symbol in Mecca of the Muslim religion?

A

The Kaaba, cube-shaped structure, at heart of Mecca

Possible meteorite built into one wall, “relic from heaven”

Site drew religious pilgrims

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5
Q

What god did Muslims believe?

A

One god considered supreme: Allah

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6
Q

Who was the Muslims’ most important messenger?

A

Muhammad the Messenger

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7
Q

Why was Muhammad so important to Muslims?

A

Angel appeared to him, commanded him to speak messages from Allah

Muhammad concluded God had chosen him to be prophet

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8
Q

What messages did Muhammad receive? From whom?

A

Among many messages from angel, Muhammad reported Allah one and only true and all-powerful God

Other messages, instructions on how to live to please Allah, reach paradise

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9
Q

Why did Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca?

A

Muhammad began to preach in public, attracted many followers

Some powerful Meccans did not accept teachings

Many disliked Muhammad’s criticism of traditional beliefs in many gods

After uncle’s death Muhammad knew he and followers not safe in Mecca

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10
Q

Where did Muhammad move to from Mecca? When?

A

In 622, Muhammad moved to Medina

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11
Q

What was Medina known as?

What was the journey from Mecca to Medina known as?

A

Medina, “the Prophet’s City”

Journey from Mecca to Medina came to be known as hegira

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12
Q

What was the faith build by Muhammad?

What were his followers called?

A

Muhammad spent decade building community of believers

Called faith Islam , meaning “achieving peace through submission to God”

Followers known as Muslims

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13
Q

What happened to Mecca?

A

People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad stopped did not give up

Fought several battles

630, Muhammad controlled Mecca

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14
Q

What are the writings of Islam called?

A

Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations from God collected in Qur’an (or Koran), sacred test of Islam

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15
Q

Describe the Quran (Koran)

A

Allah’s teachings

Religious experience in rhythm, beauty of words

Full meaning known only in original Arabic language

Translations not true representation

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16
Q

The basic ideas of Islam were known as ___________

A

Five Pillars of Islam

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17
Q

Describe the 5 pillars of Islam

A

Profession of faith

Performance of five daily prayers

Giving of alms to poor, needy

Fasting during month of Ramadan

Make pilgrimage to Mecca

18
Q

What is the pilgrimage to Mecca?

What was the journey called?

What did the pilgrims do at Mecca?

A

Muslims physically, financially able required to go to Mecca

Journey called the hajj

Gather to pray in mosque

Perform various rituals, walk seven times around Kaaba

Climb Mount Arafat, site of Muhammad’s last sermon

19
Q

What are the guidelines for behavior?

A

Qur’an provides guidelines for moral behavior

Muslims may not eat pork, drink alcohol

Qur’an prohibits murder, lying, stealing

Requires jihad , to defend Muslims, also means “holy war” or inner struggle

20
Q

The traditions of Islam are called __________

What guidance is given?

A

Record of Muhammad’s behavior, teachings known as Sunna “tradition,” provides guidance in personal relationships, business

21
Q

What is the legal system called?

What is it about?

A

Muslim legal system known as Sharia , reflects rules by which Muslims should live, outlines method of reasoning, argument for legal cases, made up of opinions, writings over several centuries

22
Q

Is Islam monotheistic?

A

Islam monotheistic like Jewish, Christian faiths

23
Q

Describe some Islamic beliefs

A

Allah same as God in Jewish, Christian

Abraham, Moses, Jesus God’s messengers

Muhammad, last of God’s prophets

Qur’an represents God’s final message

Muslims told to respect Jews, Christians as “people of the book;” share tradition of prophets who taught, received God’s revelations

24
Q

What happened after Muhammad died in 632?

A

The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslim community.

25
Q

What was successor to Muhammad?

What was this successor called?

A

Abu Bakr , close companion, chosen leader, called caliph “successor”

26
Q

What did Ahu Bahr, the successor do?

A

Built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under control

Reunified Arabia

27
Q

Did Arabia expand?

A

Expansion of Territory

Successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule

637 early victory against Persian forces in Iraq

642 victory over Persian Empire complete

28
Q

Did Muslim followers create an empire?

Was it peaceful?

A

More Expansion - After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west. Arab conquer Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem, Nile Valley, and Egypt

Empire - Only 10 years after Muhammad’s death, followers had created empire. Conquests continued under later caliphs.

Internal Conflict and Division - Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph. Some had supported Muhammad’s cousin, Ali. Led to internal division and civil wars

29
Q

What did the Shia believe?

A

Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s descendants

Ali’s descendants, Muhammad’s true heirs

Shia called each of Ali’s successors imam (Imam means “leader”)

For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an

30
Q

What do the Sunni believe?

A

Sunni believe leaders must lead according to Muhammad’s philosophy.

Does not have to be a descendant.

31
Q

How did Islam affect Muslim Society

A

Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life, providing guidance on how Muslims should deal with many issues

32
Q

How did Islam affect THE FAMILY?

A

Islam set forth roles withinfamily

Man head of family

Men could have several wives

Husbands supposed to treat all wives equally

Rights of women, children protected

33
Q

How did Islam affect WOMEN

A

Rights of women varies

According to Qur’an, women equal to men before Allah

Women could inherit property, seek divorce in some cases

Played vital roles

Went into battle

Influenced politics

34
Q

How did Muslims make advances in mathematics

A

From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9

System became known as Arabic numerals

Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim thinkers

35
Q

Give examples of how Islam affected ASTRONOMY

A

Discoveries - Astronomy, some stars still bear names given by Muslim discoverers. Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from Persia, India

Almagest - Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemy’s work, first translated into

Arabic 800s. Described movements of stars & planets, predicted paths

Astronomers - Muslim astronomers built observatories; created calendar still in use.

Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan religious festivals. Perfected astrolabe, used in navigation to plot positions of stars, planets

36
Q

How did Islam affect MEDICINE

A

Medicine highly developed

Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in order to practice

Baghdad had world’s first school of pharmacy

eye surgery

Different instruments invented, perfected

Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time

37
Q

How did Islam affect HISTORY

A

1300s, Ibn Khaldun wrote history of world

Historians still interested in comments

Warned against basic errors like bias, praising rulers too highly in order to gain favor

38
Q

Describe other fields of study by Muslims

A

Geographers made many strides

Pilgrims needed to find way to Mecca, travel guides written

One geographer measured earth’s circumference with much accuracy

39
Q

Describe Muslim influence on ARTS and LITERATURE

A

Islamic Art - Muslim artists worked in range of materials, wood, metal, ceramics, textiles

Religious art does not contain human, animal figures

Patterns, Designs - Avoidance of figures led to use of geometric patterns, floral designs. Intricate design known as an arabesque

Idolatry - Believed portraying people, animals could tempt worship. Worshipping anyone, anything besides Allah the worst possible sin

40
Q

What was a distinctive feature of Islamic art?

A

Another distinctive feature of Islamic art, calligraphy - beautifully styled writing

Artists who produced copies of Qur’an sought perfection in reproduction of word of Allah

Artful representation of words became central part of Islamic art

41
Q

Describe distinction of Muslim Architecture

A

Architecture in Muslim world also developed distinctive features

Several forms, plans for building mosques developed

All have features in common - Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called to prayers. Domes

History Patterns - Unit 1 (10 decks)

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