Unit 1 - Neuro Rehabilitation & Stroke Flashcards
List the 5 parts of the brain
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Cerebellum
Name 1 function for each part of the brain
- Frontal - Motor control
- Parietal - Sensory interpretation
- Occipital - Vision
- Temporal - Speech and audition
- Cerebellum - Balance and coordination
Which 3 arteries provide main blood supply to the brain?
- Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
- Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
- Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
Can you name them?
4.
The ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
Maintenance of body temperature and hormonal regulation (homeostasis)
What is a stroke?
Stroke occurs due to oxygen deprivation in the brain due to lacking sufficient blood supply, leading to the permanent damage if not death of concerned blood cells
What are the 2 primary forms of stroke?
Ischemic: the most common type of stroke. They happen when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. These blood clots typically form in areas where the arteries have been narrowed or blocked over time.
Hemorrhagic: when blood from an artery suddenly begins bleeding into the brain (ruptured blood vessel).
Fill in the blank:
“Strokes are the leading cause of … and thus, requires near-immediate levels of medical care after having one”
Preventable disability worldwide
Define spasticity
A positive motor symptom which results in increased muscle tone and/or stiffness in the areas affected. A particular type of hypertonia in which the muscles’ spasms are increased by movement.
Name the 3 types of pain
- Transient
- Acute
- Chronic
What is transient pain?
Due to it being the result of minimal tissue damage, this pain is typically experienced for a brief duration and a sharp sensation followed quickly by a dull one.
Functionally, should prevent further damage from the behaviour performed which caused it.
What is acute pain?
Pain of recent onset and usually time limited. Often associated with injury/disease which takes longer for the body to recover from when compared to events that lead to transient pain. If it lasts longer than 3 months, it may be considered chronic
What is chronic pain?
Pain that lasts for longer period, persisting beyond the healing of the once damaged tissue and often occurs in conditions that are chronic like joint disease, nerve damage and/or cancer.
However, chronic pain can be experienced in areas that haven’t even been damaged. This is thought to happen due to pain mechanisms and neural pathways becoming dysfunctional. Chronic pain is more than mere sensation and is multidimensional in nature.
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Voluntary movement, expressive language and managing higher level executive functions
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Processing somatosensory information from the body; this includes touch, pain, temperature, and the sense of limb position
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Responsible for interpreting incoming visual information
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Processing auditory information and the encoding of memory
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Coordination of movement and balance
What are the general functions of the nervous system?
sensory, integrative, and motor functions
Finish the sentence:
“Motor functions can be divided into 2 groups…”
Somatic and autonomic systems
What motor function is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
Voluntary (conscious) control; skeletal muscles
What motor function is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Involuntary control; cardiac & smooth muscle, and glands
What can a neuron be referred to in regards to NS function?
A structural block
List the 4 parts of a neuron
- Axon
- Dendrite
- Synapse
- Action potential
What is an axon?
The transmitting part of the neuron
A long, thin structure in which action potentials are generated
What is a dendrite?
The receiving part of the neuron (receives synaptic inputs)
What is a synapse?
Junction between axon and dendrite
What is the action potential?
Briefelectrical event generated in the axon causing the release of neurotransmitters
What is a myelin sheath?
An insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord.
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. If myelin is damaged, these impulses slow down.
Where do you find myelin sheaths?
On larger diameter axons
What is Neuroglia?
Cells that provide nutrients, insulation, and physical support for neurons
Name the 3 functional classifications of neurons
- Motor (efferent)
- Sensory (afferent)
- Interneurons
What do these 4 acronyms stand for?
CNS
ANS
PNS
SNS
- CNS = Central Nervous System
- ANS = Autonomic Nervous System
- PNS = Peripheral Nervous System
- SNS = Somatic Nervous System
What are the characteristics of the CNS?
- The Brain & spinal cord
- Nerve axons are much shorter
- Does not have this ability to regrow
What are the characteristics of the PNS?
- Part of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (sensory, motor and mixed cells)
- Nerve axons can be up to 1 meter long
- Ability to regenerate
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
Control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, and decisions about which motor activities to carry out.
What is the corpus callosum?
Broad band of nerve fibres joining the hemispheres allowing them to communicate
What is the amygdala?
Almond-shaped nuclei deep within the temporal lobe, involved in decision-making, memory, and emotional responses; particularly negative emotions
What is the hippocampus?
Storage for LTM
What is the spinal cord?
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Each nerve emerges in two short branches (roots)
- Motor or anterior root
- Sensory or posterior root
What 2 NS form the PNS?
Somatic and Autonomic
Define Myotomes
Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
Fill in the blank:
“Strokes are classified as a … disorder of the nervous system”
Vascular
According to Bamford stroke classification, how many variations are there?
4
What is The Bamford classification?
Divides people with stroke into four different categories, according to the symptoms and signs with which they present.
Useful for understanding the likely underlying pathology, which in turn gives information on treatments likely to be useful and the prognosis.
Define hypertonia
The resistance encountered when the joint of a relaxed patient is moved passively - a state of muscle tension
Define hypotonia
A lack of muscle tone
Define neuroplasticity
Capacity of the central nervous system to adapt to functional demands and therefore to the capacity to reorganise. Includes process of learning.
Define muscle rigidity
Another type of hypertonia in which the muscles have the same amount of stiffness independent of the degree of movement. Involves both antagonists and agonists.
Which of the following cells produce myelin for the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following cells produce myelin for the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
