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MSc Occupational Therapy - Year 1 > January Exam - FMA > Flashcards

January Exam - FMA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones/articular surfaces in the trunk/lumbar spinal joint?

BONUS: How do they differ to other bones in the spine? Why?

A
  • The lower 5 vertebra of the spine, referred to as L1-5.
  • L5 connects to the top of the Sacrum which fits between the two pelvic bones.
  • B: Compared to the rest of the spine, lumbar vertebra are taller and bulkier, partly due to its responsibility concerning weight bearing.
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2
Q

Joint type/classification for trunk/lumbar spinal joint

A
  • Facet joints = synovial plane

- Anterior intervertebral joint = cartilaginous symphysis

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3
Q

Outline ligaments in the trunk/lumbar spinal joint

BONUS: Outline each of their function(s)

A
  • All vertebrae are joined together by anterior + posterior longitudinal ligaments that extend along the whole length of the vertebral column joining the respective surfaces of the vertebral bodies.
  • Each facet joint is surrounded by a joint capsule which is largely made up of ligament.
  • Lumbar ligaments are arranged in layers and multiple directions which aid in connecting this part of the spine to the sacrum and pelvis.
  • Ligamentum flavuum
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4
Q

What is lumbar flexion?

Outline the movement’s prime mover(s)

A
  • Bending towards lower limbs/feet in the lower back

- Rectus Abdominis, internal oblique, and external obliques

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5
Q

What is lumbar extension?

Outline the movement’s prime mover(s)

A
  • Bending away from lower limbs/feet in the lower back

- Erector spinae group

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6
Q

What is lateral lumbar flexion?

Outline the movement’s prime mover(s)

A
  • Bending of the lower back from side-to-side

- Erector spinae group, Oblique abdominals, Quadratus lumborum

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7
Q

Outline prime mover(s) involved in lumbar rotation

A

Internal and external oblique abdominals

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8
Q

Outline nerve supply in the trunk/lumbar spinal joint

A

Lumbar spinal nerve roots form the nerves that go to the lower limbs and the pelvis. At each ‘level’ of vertebra, two nerve roots leave the spine from both sides (L+R).

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9
Q

Outline main blood supply in the trunk/lumbar spinal joint

A

The main blood supply to the spinal cord is via the single anterior spinal artery (ASA) and the two posterior spinal arteries (PSA).

EX: A pair of lumbar arteries arises from the back of the aorta in front of each of the upper four lumbar vertebrae.

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10
Q

What are the two supporting structures for both the lumbar and cervical spinal joint?

A
  1. The spinal canal, which is the tunnel formed through the connected rings found on each vertebra itself provides a protective structure for the spinal cord
  2. Intervertebral discs are a special structure which sits in between each vertebra and primarily function as shock absorption.
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11
Q

Outline the main bones/articular surfaces in the neck/cervical spine

A
  • In terms of spinal column itself, the vertebra C1-C7 which descends in order.
  • The spinous processes are the projections on the back of the vertebra and are the pointy things which you can sometimes feel if you rub down the middle of someone’s back.
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12
Q

Outline the bones/articular surfaces which are UNIQUE to the neck/cervical spine

A
  • Transverse processes are the projections on the left + right of the vertebra and unique to the cervical spines
  • The c.spine have holes known as Transverse Foramen.
  • These provide a passageway for arteries to provide blood supply to the back of the brain.
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13
Q

Outline ligaments found in the cervical spinal joint/neck

A
  • Several long sections connect on the front and the back of all the vertebra, the Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments.
  • Like a long elastic band, the ligamentum flavum connects to each of the lamina bones’ front surface.
  • Each facet joint is surrounded by a joint capsule which is largely made up of ligament.
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14
Q

What is cervical flexion?

Outline the movement’s prime mover(s)

A
  • Bending the neck towards the chest

- Sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

What is cervical extension?

Outline at least 2 of the movement’s prime movers

A
  • Bending the neck backwards, away from the chest and bringing the chin upwards
  • Upper trapezius, splenius group, the semispinalis group, and the erector spinae
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16
Q

What is cervical lateral flexion?

Outline the movement’s prime mover(s)

A
  • Bending of the lower back from side-to-side

- Sternocleidomastoid

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17
Q

Outline prime mover(s) involved in cervical rotation

A

Sternocleidomastoids, upper trapezius, and splenius group

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18
Q

Joint type/classification for neck/cervical spinal joint

A
  • Synovial plane (c5-c6)
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19
Q

Outline ligaments of the hand

BONUS: Describe their function

A
  • Collateral ligaments are on either side of each finger and the thumb to prevent abnormal bending of these digits.
  • The volar plate, the strongest ligament in this part of the body, surrounds the knuckles and enables straightening of the joints whilst preventing them from bending back too much/hyperextension.
  • Pulleys are tunnels in the digits that are made of ligaments which help hold the tendons of the fingers against the bones.
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20
Q

What is the non-ligament supporting structure present in the hand?

What is its function?

A

Articular cartilage

The joints of the fingers and hand are covered in articular cartilage, which functions as to absorb shock and is smooth and rubbery in texture to facilitate motion

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21
Q

What are the main bones/articular surfaces in the hand?

A
  • Palm = metacarpals = 1 to 5 from thumb to little finger

- Fingers = Phalanges - proximal, middle & distal from base to tip apart from thumb that has only 2

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22
Q

Outline main blood supply in the hand

A
  • The blood supply to the hand comes from 2 main sources: the ulnar and radial arteries which both originate from the brachial artery
  • The ulnar and palmer carpel arteries each split off into a superficial palmer branch and a deep palmer branch

• The radial artery is where pulse can be taken

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23
Q

Outline main nerve supply in the hand

A
  • There are 3 main nerves in the hand: the median nerve, the ulnar nerve and the radial nerve
  • They originate in the shoulder and travel down the arm to the hand
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24
Q

Joints and typings of the hand?

A
  • At the base of the fingers are carpometacarpal joints which are synovial plane (3-5) and saddle (1-2) joints
  • Joints between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges are the metacarpophalangeal joints and these are condyloid synovial joints
  • Between the phalanges are the interphalangeal joints (proximal and distal) - these are synovial hinge joints
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25
Q

What type of movement do the 3 joints in the hand facilitate?

A
  • Metacarpophalangeal joints allow flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
  • The carpometacarpal joint allows for opposition and circumduction in the thumb
  • Interphalangeal joints provide flexion and extension towards/away from the palm
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26
Q

Can you identify the prime mover(s) involved in thumb abduction, adduction, flexion and opposition?

A

Thenar muscles

(- Adbuctor
- Adductor
- Flexor
- Opponens
...policis brevis)
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27
Q

Can you identify the prime mover(s) involved in finger abduction and adduction?

A

Interossei & lumbrical Intrinsic muscles (located in between metacarpals)

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28
Q

Can you identify the prime mover(s) involved in flexion at the MCP joint & extension at IP joint

A

Intrinsic muscles (located in between metacarpals)

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29
Q

What is the joint type/classification of the hip?

A

Ball-and-socket synovial

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30
Q

What are the main bones/articular surfaces in the hip/pelvic girdle?

A
  • The pelvic girdle, also known as the os coxae, consists of the fused bones identified individually as the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • The sacrum articulates superiorly with the fifth lumbar vertebra at the lumbosacral joint.
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31
Q

Outline the non-ligament supporting structures in the hip

A
  • Articular cartilage facilitates shock absorption and frictionless movement within the hip joint.
  • Is found on the femoral head and the socket portion of the acetabulum
  • Bursa are thin sacks of tissue which contain fluid to lubricate the area to reduce friction between the movement of different structures.
  • They are found on the sides, front of the hips and then the bones of the buttocks which we primarily sit on.
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32
Q

Outline ligaments preset in the hip

A
  • Most important Ls in the hip area = hip’s joint capsule, which helps keep top of femur in attached to acetabulum.
  • These are the main source of stability for the hip.
  • Ligamentum Teres connects the femoral head to the socket portion of acetabulum and has a tiny artery which runs through it and provides blood supply to a portion of the femoral head.
  • A unique type of ligament is found in the HJ and is attached almost completely around the edge of the acetabulum. The Labrum, through its ring-sized shape, creates a deeper socket for the acetabulum.
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33
Q

In the context of the hip joint, what are bursa and where are they found?

A

Thin sacks of tissue which contain fluid to lubricate the area to reduce friction between the movement of different structures.

They are found on the sides, front of the hips and then the bones of the buttocks which we primarily sit on.

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34
Q

What is hip flexion?

Outline prime movers

A

Bringing the hips towards the knees, or rather when the knees move towards the chest

The iliopsoas, rector femis

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35
Q

What is hip extension?

Outline prime movers

A

Technically, this is when we are stood up straight (also known as neutral position) or during elevation from sit to stand.

Gluteus maximus, hamstrings

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36
Q

What is hip abduction?

Outline prime movers

A

Moving leg(s) away from one another

Gluteus medius

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37
Q

What is hip adduction?

Outline prime movers

A

Moving leg towards the other

Hip adductors, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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38
Q

What is internal hip rotation?

Outline prime movers

A

Movement of hip towards centre of body

Gluteus medius and gemelli muscle

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39
Q

What is external hip rotation

Outline prime movers

A

Movement of hip away from centre of body

Gluteus maximus and superior gemellus

40
Q

Outline the hip’s nerve supply

A

All the nerves which travel through the thigh/LLs pass by or through the hip.

Lumbar plexus: Includes Femoral (anterior) and Obturator (inside hip). L1-4.

Sacral plexus: Posterior portion of the hip, including the sciatic nerve which is largest in the body. S1-S4.

41
Q

Outline blood supply to the hip

A

Medial and lateral femoral arteries

The ligamentum teres also has a small artery present to aid in blood supply for the femoral head

42
Q

What joints are present in the wrist? Their type?

A
  • Radiocarpal + Ulnocarpal: Synovial ellipsoid

- Midcarpal joint: Synovial plane

43
Q

What is elbow flexion?

Outline prime movers

A

Bringing hand towards shoulder

Biceps brachii and brachialis, forearm (pronator teres)

44
Q

What is elbow extension?

Outline prime movers

A

Straightening of arm

Triceps brachii and ancoenus

45
Q

What is RU supination?

Outline prime movers

A

Palms facing upwards

Biceps

46
Q

What is RU pronation?

Outline prime movers

A

Palms facing downwards

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus (forearm)

47
Q

What are non-ligament supporting structures present in the elbow and RU joint?

A

Articular cartilage is thinner here since it is not a weight bearing joint and is slippery to allow joint surfaces to slide against one another with ease.

It covers the end if the humerus, and tops of the radius and ulna.

48
Q

Outline main blood supply for the elbow and RU joint

A

Largest artery is the Brachial which travels across the front of the elbow. These split into the Radial and Ulnar artery which supply blood to the hand.

49
Q

Outline nerve supply for the elbow and RU joint

A

Radial, Ulnar (aka funny bone) and Medial Nerves. Each nerve travels through its own tunnel as it crosses the elbow, meaning they must bend along with the elbow - which it does a lot – and can lead to nerve entrapment. C5-7.

50
Q

What are the bones present in the elbow?

A
  • Humerus: upper arm
  • Radius: forearm (thumb side)
  • Ulna: forearm (pinky side)
51
Q

Outline the 4 ligaments present in the elbow

A
  • Medial collateral ligament: inside of elbow - connects the ulna to humerus
  • Lateral collateral ligament: outside of elbow – connects radius to humerus
  • Annular ligament: forms a ring around head of radius bone
  • Quadrate ligament: connects radius to ulna
52
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Tibiofemoral Joint - complex synovial modified hinge (since when flexed can perform slight medial and lateral rotation)

53
Q

Bones/articular surfaces present in the knee

A

Femur, tibia and patella

54
Q

What is knee flexion?

Outline prime mover(s)

A

Bending of the knees

Hamstring group (Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus)

55
Q

What is knee extension?

Outline prime mover(s)

A

Straightening of the knee

Quadriceps (femoris) group

56
Q

What is knee internal rotation

Outline prime mover(s)

A

Turning of the knee inwards towards body

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus

57
Q

What is knee external rotation

Outline prime movers

A

Turning of the knee outwards, away from body

Biceps femoris

58
Q

Outline nerve supply within the knee

A

Femoral, sciatic, and obturator nerves

59
Q

Outline blood supply for the knee

A

Femoral artery, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery and popliteal artery which is the largest blood supply within the LL.

60
Q

How many bursae in the knee and where are they?

A

4

Surrounding patella/kneecap

61
Q

Outline extracapsular ligaments in the knee

A
  • Patellar Ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament  (MCL)
  • Lateral collateral ligament  (LCL)
62
Q

Outline intracapsular ligaments in the knee

A
  • ACL
  • PCL
  • Transverse Ligament
  • Medial and lateral meniscus
63
Q

Joint type/classification of the ankle

A

Hinged synovial joint

64
Q

Outline bones in the ankle

A
  • Tibia: AKA the shin bone
  • Fibula: The bone that laterally runs alongside the tibia
  • Talus: ‘Sits’ above the heel bone and is the second largest tarsal bone
65
Q

Outline articular surfaces in the ankle

A
  • Distal end of tibia
  • Body of talus
  • Medial malleolus of the tibia (like a protruding hammer head)
  • Lateral malleolus of fibula (like a protruding hammer head)
66
Q

What are the malleoli of the ankle?

A

Articular surfaces in the ankle, the two bony prominences on either side(/both laterally and medially)

Like how a hammer head protrudes

67
Q

Outline ligaments present within the ankle joint

A
  • Medial/deltoid
  • Lateral
  • Syndesmotic
  • 2 posterior fibular
68
Q

Outline non-liagament supporting structures in the ankle

A
  • Articular cartilage

- Bursae (3)

69
Q

Where are the bursae of the ankle located?

A
  • Achilles
  • Malleoli
  • Between achilles tendon and top of heel bone
70
Q

Outline main blood supply in the ankle

A
  • Anterior & Posterior Tibial Arteries

- Peroneal Artery

71
Q

Outline main nerve supply in the ankle

A
  • Posterior tibial nerve

- Superficial and deeper peroneal nerve(s)

72
Q

What are the three joints present in the shoulder and their classification?

A
  • Glenohumeral: Synovial ball + socket
  • Acromioclavicular (AC): Synovial plane joint
  • Sternoclavicular (SC): Synovial saddle
73
Q

Outline bones and articular surfaces present in the shoulder joint?

A

Bones: clavicle, scapula, humerus

Articular surfaces: Glenoid fossa, humeral head

74
Q

Outline ligaments in the shoulder

A
  • Costoclavicular ligaments
  • Joint Capsule
  • Glenoid labrum
75
Q

What are the 2 main bursae in the shoulder?

A
  • Subacromial

- Subdeltoid

76
Q

Outline main blood supply to the shoulder

A

Subclavian and axillary arteries

77
Q

Outline main nerve supply to the shoulder

A

Brachical plexus network (including med, rad, uln). C5-T1.

78
Q

What is shoulder flexion?

Outline prime movers

A

Arm above the head

Deltoid, pectoralis major

79
Q

What is shoulder extension?

Outline prime movers

A

Sticking arm out behind you

Deltoid, latissimus dorsi

80
Q

What is shoulder abduction?

Outline prime movers

A

Arm away from the body at 90 degrees

Deltoid

81
Q

What is shoulder adduction?

Outline prime movers

A

Bringing arm towards the body

Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, teres major

82
Q

What is external shoulder rotation?

Outline prime movers

A

Swinging arm out from body, elbow at 90 degrees

Teres minor, spinatus muscles

83
Q

What is internal shoulder rotation?

Outline prime movers

A

Swinging arm in from body, elbow at 90 degrees

Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

84
Q

What is shoulder circumduction?

Outline prime movers

A

Full circular UL motion

Latissimus dorsi, deltoid

85
Q

Outline at least one main ligament in the foot

A

Plantar fascia – the longest ligament of the foot. The ligament, which runs along the sole of the foot, from the heel to the toes, forms the arch

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament – a ligament of the sole of the foot that connects the calcaneus and navicular and supports the head of the talus.

Calcaneocuboid ligament – the ligament that connects the calcaneus and the tarsal bones and helps the plantar fascia support the arch of the foot.

86
Q

What are the 3 general regions of the foot?

A
  • Forefoot
  • Midfoot
  • Hindfoot
87
Q

What are the 5 joints in the foot?

A
  1. Subtalar - Syn. elliposid
  2. Midtarsal - Syn. Ball & Socket + Syn. saddle
  3. Tarsometatarsal - Syn. Plane
  4. Metatarsophalangeal - Syn. Ellipsoid
  5. Interphalangeal - Syn. Hinge
88
Q

Main bones of the foot?

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus/Heel
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals - 5 each
  • Phalanges
89
Q

Main blood supply to the foot?

A

Anterior + Posterior tibial arteries

90
Q

What is inversion?

Outline prime movers

A

Moving foot inwards

Tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior

91
Q

What is eversion?

Outline prime movers

A

Moving foot outwards

The peroneus longus and brevis

92
Q

What is plantar flexion?

Outline prime movers

A

The top of your foot points away from your leg

Triceps surae/calf muscles

93
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

Outline prime movers

A

Pushing your heel forward and pulling your toes toward you

Tibialis anterior

94
Q

What is wrist flexion?

Outline prime movers

A

Limp wrist lol

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis

95
Q

What is wrist extension?

Outline prime movers

A

Hand towards body

Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus

96
Q

What is wrist radial deviation?

Outline prime movers

A

Hand towards the thumb/radius

Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus

97
Q

What is wrist unlar deviation?

Outline prime movers

A

Hand towards ulnar/pinky

Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

MSc Occupational Therapy - Year 1 (8 decks)

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