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MSc Occupational Therapy - Year 1 > January Exam - Practical (Equipment) > Flashcards

January Exam - Practical (Equipment) Flashcards

1
Q

How does a raised toilet seat change the activity demand?

A

Increases height of toilet so there is reduced effort for hip extension to stand up from the toilet and can help ensure that hips/knees do not bend further than 90 degrees which can be problematic and lead to strain

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2
Q

Name some client populations that a raised toilet would be useful for?

A
  • The elderly
  • Those with hip injuries or who recently received a hip replacement
  • People with reduced mobility and/or weakness in Lower Limbs
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3
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a raised toilet seat?

A
  • Its suitability will be determined by users’ own strength and balance abilities (not useful if insufficient)
  • Have to consider impact of on other users of the toilet
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4
Q

How is a raised toilet seat measured for use?

A

Based on…

  • User’s back of knee-to-floor length + 2 inches
  • Toilet bowl length
  • User’s LL strength
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5
Q

How does a toilet frame change the activity demand?

A

Helps users maintain a sense of balance and stability during transfer(s) on and off the toilet through providing additional support for users’ ULs

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6
Q

Name some client populations that a toilet frame would be useful for?

A
  • The elderly

* Those with balance issues

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7
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a toilet frame?

A
  • It is a less stable piece of equipment if it would be useful for only one half of the body
  • May require a lot of space
  • Have to consider impact of on other users of the toilet
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8
Q

How is a toilet frame measured for use?

A
  • User’s back of knee-to-floor length + 2 inches
  • User’s LL strength
  • Length of toilet bowl
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9
Q

How does a commode change the activity demand?

A

Completely removes/reduce need to access a toilet and transfer on/off one as it can be placed and anywhere. Also has back support.

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10
Q

Name some client populations that a commode would be useful for?

A
  • The elderly
  • Those w/urgency issues
  • Those who may struggle to mobilise themselves efficiently to get to the toilet in time
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11
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a commode?

A
  • Its suitability will be determined by users’ own strength and balance abilities (not useful if insufficient)
  • User’s current cognitive abilities
  • Hygiene problems if basin is not frequently changed etc.
  • May need to rely on others to clean it
  • Dignity
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12
Q

How is a commode measured for use?

A
  • The dimensions of user

- Can be placed anywhere so fitting is not an issue

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13
Q

How does a bath-board and/or stool change the activity demand?

A

Make bathing and transportation in and out of bath less demanding as it puts less strain on limbs

(May enable these processes to remain independent)

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14
Q

Name some client populations that a bath-board and/or stool would be useful for?

A
  • Those with reduced limb mobility/strength more generally

- The elderly

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15
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a a bath-board and/or stool?

A
  • Sense of balance is still required, doesn’t necessarily reduce fall risks
  • Must consider that the equipment won’t damage the bath
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16
Q

How is a bath-board and/or stool measured for use?

A

Based on dimensions of the bath and how it’s made (certain types of bath may be inappropriate)

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17
Q

How does a shower/bath swivel chair change the activity demand?

A
  • Makes bathing and transportation in and out of bath less demanding as it puts less strain on limbs
  • May enable these processes to remain independent
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18
Q

Name some client populations that a shower/bath swivel chair would be useful for?

A
  • Those with reduced limb mobility more generally
  • Elderly population
  • Those with balance problems
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19
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a shower/bath swivel chair?

A
  • Still requires certain level of strength to get out of bath and the ability to move lower limbs
  • Must consider that the equipment won’t damage the bath
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20
Q

How is a shower/bath swivel chair measured for use?

A

Based on dimensions of the bath and how it’s made (certain types of bath may be inappropriate)

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21
Q

How does a long handled sponge change the activity demand?

A
  • Makes washing itself less demanding, as it requires less reaching and bending
  • May enable these processes to remain independent
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22
Q

Name some client populations that a long handled sponge would be useful for?

A
  • Those with reduced limb mobility, flexibility and/or flexibility more generally
  • Elderly population
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23
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a long handled sponge?

A

Minimal to no specific risks

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24
Q

How is a long handled sponge measured for use?

A

Based on a person’s proportions, they differ in handle length

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25
Q

How does a vertical through-floor lift change the activity demand?

A

The activity of using stairs would now involve very little demand (if it at all) as it is largely passive movement

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26
Q

Name some client populations that a vertical through-floor lift would be useful for?

A
  • Those with compromised mobility, probably more permanently
  • Those who use a walking aid which is more prominent
  • Those completely unable to utilise stairs
  • Degenerative conditions (the lift is a more permanent, long-term solution)
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27
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a vertical through-floor lift?

A
  • User’s ability to use it independently and safely
  • Whether house is actually appropriate for it
  • What happens if it malfunctions?
  • Fire safety
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28
Q

How is a vertical through-floor lift measured for use?

A
  • Whether house is actually appropriate for it

- Based on user’s height and weight(/dimensions)

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29
Q

How does a stair lift change the activity demand?

A

The activity of using stairs would now involve very little demand (if it at all) as it is largely passive movement

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30
Q

Name some client populations that a stair lift would be useful for?

A
  • Those with compromised mobility, probably more permanent
  • Those who need more assistance when walking
  • Elderly
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31
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a stair lift?

A
  • User’s ability to use it independently and safely (incl. cognitive capacity)
  • What happens if it malfunctions?
  • Fire safety
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32
Q

How is a stair lift measured for use?

A
  • Would be based on features of the concerned stairs

- Based on user’s height and weight(/dimensions)

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33
Q

How does an EPIOC wheelchair

(Electric powered indoor-outdoor chair) change the activity demand?

A

Mobility now has little to if any at all demand as the movement itself is now largely passively

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34
Q

Name some client populations that an EPIOC wheelchair

(Electric powered indoor-outdoor chair) would be useful for?

A
  • Those who are physically compromised, but sufficient cognitive function still
  • Those who would still be largely independent through the use of the chair
  • Those with degenerative conditions, or whose physical condition will only worse
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35
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with an EPIOC wheelchair
(Electric powered indoor-outdoor chair)?

A
  • Have to make sure wheelchair is fully charged before periods of longer use and is able to be frequently charged within home
  • Wheelchair cannot be as easily transported (mostly because it is the transport)
  • Have to consider weather/terrain more
  • User’s ability to use it independently and safely (incl. cognitive capacity)
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36
Q

How does a bed lever change the activity demand?

A

Reduces the demand and strain that can be put on the trunk during bed transfers

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37
Q

Name some client populations that a bed lever would be useful for?

A
  • Elderly

- Those with issues in trunk and/or LL motion and capacity

38
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a bed lever?

A
  • Upper limb strength
  • May require certain level of dynamic balance
  • Any conditions that can cause involuntary movement and could lead to hitting into it
  • For those without the middle bar, may lead to entrapment and serious injury
39
Q

How is a bed lever measured for use?

A
  • Based on bed type and client’s current physical capabilities
  • Placed 1/3 down from top of bed
40
Q

How does a pressure mattress change the activity demand?

A

Reduces the risk of developing pressure sores and/or ulcers and therefore may promote better sleep and overall comfort whilst lying down

41
Q

Name some client populations that a pressure mattress would be useful for?

A
  • Those who spend a lot of time in bed/laid down
  • Those with minimal mobility
  • If SU has higher chance of developing P.Sore/Ulcers based on medical assessment
42
Q

What risk/assessment factors may be associated with a pressure mattress?

A
  • Skin integrity
  • SU’s weight
  • Likeliness of SU developing P.Sore/Ulcers based on medical assessment – incorrect typing of mattress will only increase this further
43
Q

How is a pressure mattress measured for use?

A
  • Based on likeliness of SU developing P.Sore/Ulcers based on medical assessment
  • Bed dimensions
  • Current type of mattress
44
Q

How does a walking stick change the activity demand?

A
  • Increases base of support whilst walking

- Changes centre of gravity enabling compensation for weakness on one side

45
Q

Name some client populations that a walking stick would be useful for?

A
  • Elderly
  • Fair balance – not very impaired
  • Chronic illness
  • Fatigue
46
Q

How is a walking stick measured for use?

A
  • Measure to Styloid point with arms gentle bent (roughly 45°, or slightly less)
  • Trial & error to ensure that this is correct
  • Shoulder should not be raised
47
Q

Potential issues with a walking stick?

A
  • Standard handle can be difficult to grip, so for someone with arthritis, you adapt the handle.
  • May not provide big enough base of support - especially if bilateral weakness
48
Q

How does a walking frame change activity demand?

A

Increases base of support whilst walking

49
Q

Name some client populations that a walking stick would be useful for?

A
  • Elderly people

- People with muscle weakness that leads to poor balance, as it had wider BOS

50
Q

Risks with walking stick?

A
  • Stability – ensure their balance is not too bad
  • Cognition (use as a weapon, understanding of using it)
  • Handgrip
  • Fennel must be checked to ensure they are not worn out
51
Q

Risk factors associated with walking frames?

A
  • Environment: home environment, trip hazards, change in surface
  • Seat to stand without using frame – walking aid NOT standing aid
  • Fennel must be checked to ensure they are not worn out
52
Q

How do you measure a walking frame for use?

A
  • Bar at hip height and elbows in slight flexion

- Again, people vary so ensure you use trial and error to ensure this is comfortable

53
Q

How do crutches change the activity demand?

A
  • Takes weight off one of the limbs (reduces strain)
  • Increases Base Of Support
  • Improves dynamic balance
54
Q

Name some client populations that a walking stick would be useful for?

A
  • Individuals who have had an injury (e.g., fracture) especially younger people
55
Q

Risk factors associated with crutches?

A
  • Service user needs balance & coordination
  • Good technique must be taught
  • Fennel must be checked to ensure they are not worn out
  • Environment: home environment, trip hazards, change in surface
56
Q

How to measure crutches for use?

A
  • Measure to top of Ulna Styloid Point with arm by side – when you then grip, it will flex your arm slightly at the elbow
  • Trial and error to ensure that this is correct – talk to the patient and practice to see how they feel (look at technique and BOS)
  • Cuff should be just below elbow but not on elbow, to ensure it can bend
57
Q

How do stair rails change the activity demands?

A
  • Add stability and increases balance when going up and down stairs
  • Maintains independence in going up and down stairs
58
Q

Name some client populations that stair rails would be useful for?

A
  • Leg operation
  • Older people
  • Visual impairment
59
Q

Risk factors with stair rails

A
  • Surface of stairs needs to be considered
  • Cognition to be able to walk and use rail properly
  • Ensuring stair rail same height as banister to ensure stability
60
Q

How would you measure stair rails for use?

A
  • Length: Top of bottom step to top of top step
  • Height (1) floor to ulna styloid process when arms at side
  • Height (2) from top of bottom step to hand on wall at comfortable height for support
61
Q

Risk factors with stair lift?

A
  • Consider ability to transfer – may need assistance
  • Width of stairs
  • What else is on stairs
  • Height so feet don’t drag
  • Cognition to be able to follow instructions
  • What happens if it malfunctions?
  • Fire safety
62
Q

How to measure a stair lift for use?

A
  • Measure the length of the stairs from floor to floor – ensuring room to get on and off
  • Consider which side of stairs
  • Consider electronic access
  • Supplier will fit the stair lift
  • Check the condition of stair lift
63
Q

How does a manual wheelchair change the activity demands?

A
  • Use of upper (rather than lower) body - Shoulder & elbow flexion and extension
  • Need stability of core/trunk
  • Reduces the need for walking for some SU, can restore fatigue levels
64
Q

Name some client populations that a manual wheelchair would be useful for?

A
  • Younger wheelchair users
  • Those with stronger upper limbs
  • Those who want more independence
  • Short term users
  • Stroke, diabetes, hip replacement
65
Q

Risk factors with a manual wheelchair?

A
  • Trapped fingers
  • Cognition of how to use safety
  • Stamina and Current Health conditions (COPD) - are they fit for use?
  • Equipment condition
  • Storage
  • Correct size
  • Where is it used?
  • Type of back rest? Tilting?
66
Q

How do you measure a manual wheelchair for use?

A
  • Depth: Furthest part of the buttocks/hips to the PF & take of 2.5-5cm depending on soft tissue mass.
  • Height: Floor (shoes on) to PF + 5cm for footrest
  • Width: Widest part of the body GT add 2 inches/5cm
  • Back rest: Lowest point of buttocks to scapula base or top of head
  • Arm rest: Shoulders relaxed, elbow at 45 degrees. Measure from seat to inferior aspect of forearm
67
Q

How does an attendant-propelled wheelchair change activity demand?

A
  • Reduces effort and physical demands for SU.
  • Enables rest periods
  • May have to rely on others for mobility
68
Q

Name some client populations that attendant propelled wheelchair would be useful for?

A
  • Those who cannot push self
  • Chronic fatigue – MS
  • Arthritis
  • Elderly (falls)
  • Children
69
Q

Risk factors for AP Wheelchair?

A
  • Is the carer fit and safe to support this?
  • Pressure sores
  • Reliant on others
  • Storage
70
Q

How do you measure an AP wheelchair for use?

A
  • Depth: Furthest part of the buttocks/hips to the PF & take of 2.5-5cm depending on soft tissue mass.
  • Height: Floor (shoes on) to PF + 5cm for footrest
  • Width: Widest part of the body GT add 2 inches/5cm
  • Back rest: Lowest point of buttocks to scapula base or top of head
  • Arm rest: Shoulders relaxed, elbow at 45 degrees. Measure from seat to inferior aspect of forearm
71
Q

How does a shower stool/chair change activity demands?

A
  • Allows seated bathing for showering
  • Larger base of support when seated
  • Can have a back to the stool for those with poorer balance/lack trunk stability
72
Q

Name some client populations that shower stool/chair would be useful for?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle weakness
  • Those who have shower rather than bath
73
Q

Risk factors for shower chair/stool?

A
  • Need to be able to sit to stand
  • Fennels must be checked to ensure not worn down and keep friction
  • Careful of ones with holes for gentlemen
74
Q

How does a helping hand change the activity demand

A
  • Able to reach and grab items of parts of items for dressing such as getting sock from floor or pulling up clothes
  • Allows independence in dressing for those unable to bend
75
Q

Name some client populations that a helping hand would be useful for?

A
  • Post hip surgery to maintain HP
  • Less mobility (inc. Wheelchair user)
  • Good grip strength
76
Q

How does a dressing aid change activity demands?

A
  • When arm mobility is limited, it allows for further reach

- Hooks can be used to extend reach and get clothing

77
Q

Name some client populations that a dressing aid would be useful for?

A
  • Spasticity
  • Amputee
  • Limited range of motion
78
Q

Risk factors associated with dressing aid

A

Hook can be sharp, can get caught on things – especially problematic for older people with delicate skin

79
Q

How does a sock aid change activity demands?

A
  • Reduces the need to bend at hip

- Able to independently dress self, putting on socks

80
Q

Name some client populations that a helping hand would be useful for?

A
  • Back problems
  • Can’t bend at hip
  • Lack of stability at trunk
81
Q

Risk factors with sock aid?

A
  • Cognition to know how to use safely
  • Risk of fall from momentum of pulling sock up
  • Need to be careful with older clients who may have more delicate skin, as pulling the aid over it may be problematic (Gnanasekran, L., 2014)
82
Q

How do seat raisers change the activity demand?

A

Reduces how much knee/hip needs to be flexed when seated, reducing how much you need to extend them. This helps protect the hip

83
Q

Name some ideal client populations for seat raisers?

A

People with total hip replacement/hip precautions

Neurological Conditions to ensure flexion on hip and knee do not lead to further issues

84
Q

Any risk factors with seat raisers?

A

Really have to make sure they are fit correctly so stability is not compromised - leading to injury/falls

85
Q

How to measure for seat raisers?

A

Height of chair

Add 5 cm (2 inches) for seating for hip replacement

Use these blocks to meet the correct height

Apply front to back.

Check correctly fitted.

86
Q

How does chair transfer practice change the activity demand?

A

Reduces risk of falls

Reduces the effort required for transferring when supported.

Creates effective posture when standing – leaning forward - COG moves forward to create momentum.

Hand on lap push into extension to support extension of the knees.

Knees in front of feet to propel forward.

87
Q

Name some ideal populations for chair transfer practice?

A
  • Arthritis
  • Prone to falls
  • Hip replacement
  • MS

Anyone could use this technique really

88
Q

Any risks with chair transfer practice?

A

Falls if done incorrectly or too fast

Requires upper and lower strength along with stability

Cognition

Spatial awareness

89
Q

How does a pressure cushion in the context of sitting change the activity demands?

A

Redistributes pressure whilst sitting so reduces pain and risk of pressure sores, increases sitting tolerance, and can promote correct posture due to less pain

90
Q

Name some client populations that would be benefit from pressure cushions

A
  • Underweight/Overweight
  • Elderly
  • Muscle wastage
  • Arthritis
  • Wheelchair users
  • Sedentary
  • Skin conditions
91
Q

Any risks associated with a pressure cushion?

A

Incorrect type of pressure cushion can lead to other pressure sore developing.

May cause skin irritation.

Who else uses the chair?

MSc Occupational Therapy - Year 1 (8 decks)

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