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Gross II Unit 1 > Unit 1 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Unit 1 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

To provide an airway, olfaction, warming and moistening of inspired air, cleansing of inspired air

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2
Q

What is the proper term for nostrils?

A

Nares (narus = singular)

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3
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left chambers?

A

Nasal septum

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4
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Choanae

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5
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Nostrils (nares)

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6
Q

What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?

A

Choanae

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7
Q

What is the free end of the nose called?

A

Tip

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8
Q

What part of the nose connects it to the forehead?

A

Root

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9
Q

What nose feature bound the nares laterally?

A

Ala

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10
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

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12
Q

What is the name for the floor of the nasal cavity itself?

A

Hard palate

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13
Q

What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum)?

A

Septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the vomer

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14
Q

Why is it important for the septal cartilage to be located anteriorly?

A

Prevent broken noses

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15
Q

What is “vomer” in Latin?

A

Plowshare

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16
Q

What is a deviated septum?

A

When the nasal septum does not lie in the median plane

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17
Q

What can happen when the nasal septum is severely deviated?

A

It can touch the lateral wall and cause breathing difficulties and/or exacerbate snoring

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18
Q

What causes a deviated septum?

A

Congenital malformation, birth injury, or postnatal trauma

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19
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

What structure makes up the nasal conchae?

A

Thin bone (NOT cartilage)

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21
Q

Which conchae are from the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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22
Q

What are the functions of the nasal conchae?

A

Increase surface area for more efficient moistening, warming, and cleaning of the air; increases turbulence for olfaction

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23
Q

What can be an anatomical variation among the nasal conchae?

A

A highest nasal concha can be present above the superior nasal concha (also part of the ethmoid bone)

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24
Q

What is the small space located above and behind the superior nasal conchae that receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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25
Q

What is the space below the superior nasal concha called that receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells?

A

Superior meatus

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26
Q

What is the space below the middle nasal concha that receives the openings of the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, middle ethmoidal cells, and the anterior athmoidal cells?

A

Middle meatus

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27
Q

What is the rounded projection into the middle meatus called?

A

Ethmoidal bulla

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28
Q

What is the curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus called that the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells, and maxillary sinus open into?

A

Hiatus semilunaris

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29
Q

What is the space below the inferior nasal concha called that receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Inferior meatus

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30
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct connect?

A

Lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity

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31
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

Area just inside each nostril

32
Q

What does each nasal vestibule contain?

A

Hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

33
Q

What is the significance of the nasal vestibule?

A

Initial filter of air

34
Q

Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Lower two thirds

35
Q

After the age of 50, at what rate are olfactory receptors lost?

A

1% per year

36
Q

What is the term for loss of olfaction?

A

Anosmia

37
Q

What makes up the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior nasal concha and upper one third of the nasal septum

38
Q

Where do fibers of the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribriform plate

39
Q

Special sensory innervation of the nasal cavity comes from which cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory (I)

40
Q

General sensory innervation of the nasal cavity are from which nerves?

A

Branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

41
Q

What is the autonomic innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

42
Q

What is significant about the blood supply to the nasal cavity?

A

Highly vasularized

43
Q

The primary blood supply to the nasal cavity are from which arteries?

A

Sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery and the anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery

44
Q

What is the term for a nosebleed commonly due to high blood supply?

A

Epistaxis

45
Q

Which form of epistaxis involves small branches in or near vestibule caused by minor trauma, low humidity, or high altitude?

A

Mild

46
Q

Which form of epistaxis involves spurting arterial blood resulting from rupture of the sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery (at major anastomoses) caused by major trauma?

A

Severe

47
Q

What are other causes of both mild and severe forms of epistaxis?

A

Hypertension (precursor to stroke), blood disorders, cocaine abuse

48
Q

Where does lymph from the nasal cavity drain?

A

Into the deep cervical nodes

49
Q

To where do all paranasal sinuses open?

A

Nasal cavity

50
Q

Why is it important for the paranasal sinuses to open into the nasal cavity?

A

Allowance of sinus drainage

51
Q

Where is the frontal sinus located?

A

Within the frontal bone

52
Q

To where does the frontal sinus open?

A

Opens into the hiatus semilunaris via the frontonasal duct

53
Q

Which paranasal sinus drains while sleeping?

A

Maxillary

54
Q

Which paranasal sinus is most prone to infection due to poor drainage because of a superior opening?

A

Maxillary

55
Q

Which paranasal sinus is the largest?

A

Maxillary

56
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus located?

A

Within the maxilla, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit

57
Q

Which is the only paranasal sinus that may be present at birth?

A

Maxillary

58
Q

Why are sinus infections more prevalent among adults?

A

Only one paranasal sinus is present at birth

59
Q

Where is the sphenoidal sinus located?

A

Within the body of the sphenoid bone opening into the sphenoethmoidal recess

60
Q

What does “labyrinth” mean?

A

Maze

61
Q

What does the term labyrinth refer to?

A

Ethmoidal sinus

62
Q

Where is the ethmoidal sinus located?

A

Within the ethmoid between the orbit and nasal cavity

63
Q

What are the three groups of cells that make up the ethmoidal sinus?

A

Posterior, middle, and anterior ethmoidal cells

64
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A

Superior meatus

65
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?

A

Ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus

66
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A

Hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus

67
Q

Where can an infection of the nasal cavity spread?

A

Paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, nasolacrimal duct to lacrimal apparatus & conjunctive, anterior cranial fossa via cribriform plate, mastoid air cells from middle ear via aditus

68
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the paranasal sinus?

A

Sinusitis

69
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the nasopharynx?

A

Acute pharyngitis

70
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the pharygotympanic tube?

A

Otitis media

71
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Conjunctivitis (pink-eye)

72
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the anterior cranial fossa via the cribriform plate?

A

Meningitis or brain abscess

73
Q

What is the proper term for an infection in the mastoid air cells from the middle ear?

A

Mastoiditis

74
Q

What sign can indicate damage to the cribriform plate?

A

CSF fluid dripping through nose (halo effect can distinguish CSF)

75
Q

Where is the most common location for an infection to spread to from the nasal cavity?

A

Nasopharynx (acute pharyngitis)

76
Q

Where are the locations that are least common for an infection to spread from the nasal cavity to?

A

Anterior cranial fossa via cribriform plate and mastoid air cells from middle ear

Gross II Unit 1 (7 decks)

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