Unit 1 Lecture 7: Muscles of the Hip & Thigh Flashcards
Muscles of Posterior Gluteal Region
Divided into 2 layers: superficial and deep.
Superficial muscles: Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae
Deep muscles:
Deep lateral rotators, including piriformis
What is the Posterior Gluteal Region?
The area between the iliac crests, the anterior superior iliac spine, the gluteal fold, and the greater trochanter
Gluteus Maximus
main extensor of the thigh via the hip joint.
Lateral rotation of hip
The only Superficial muscle of the Posterior Gluteal Region that is innervated by the Inferior Gluteal Nerve.
Origin
Posterior surface of ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
Insertion
Iliotibial tract of fascia lata
Gluteal tuberosity of femur
Action
Extension of thigh from the hip, backwards
Lateral rotation of thigh (hip)
Innervation
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superficial Muscle of Posterior Gluteal Region
Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Gluteal Region
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Important for hip movements and maintaining upright posture
Things that Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus have in common
Origin:
External surface of ilium
Insertion:
Greater trochanter of femur
Action: Abducts thigh (at the hip joint)
Innervation:
Superior gluteal nerve
Both are Superficial Muscles of Posterior Gluteal Region
Fascia
refers to a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.
Fascia help make muscular contraction more efficient; they keep the muscle from bulging out too far so that the force/movement stays focused and close to the body.
Veins in the lower limbs fight gravity as they carry blood, and veins are much lower pressure than arteries.
Fascia help push the muscles to push the blood in veins up towards the heart
Fascia is classified by layer, as superficial fascia, deep fascia, and visceral or parietal fascia, or by their function and anatomical location.
Fascia Lata
deep fascia that invest the thigh
The Gluteus Maximus inserts at the Iliotibial tract of fascia lata
Iliotibial Tract
the thickened lateral portion of the fascia lata
runs from the iliac crest to the knee
Helps stabilize the femur on top of the tibia
An insertion point for the gluteus maximus
Tensor fasciae latae
Origin: Anterior portion of iliac crest
Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata
Action: Flexes thigh (hip) Abducts thigh (hip)
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
Superficial Muscle of Posterior Gluteal Region
Located a bit laterally from the others
Deep Muscles of Posterior Gluteal Region
Responsible for LATERAL ROTATION of the thigh (at the hip)
Help STABILIZE hip joint (help hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum).
5 out of the 6 muscles in this group also abduct the thigh at the hip
Origin: ilium, sacrum, and ischium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Piriformis
A Deep Muscle of Posterior Gluteal Region
Triangular in shape
Origin:
Anterior surface of sacrum… (unlike the other deep muscles in this region, it originates inside the true pelvis, exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, and inserts onto the femur)
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Action:
Lateral rotation of thigh (at the hip)
Innervation: NERVE to PIRIFORMUS
Piriformis is the ORGANIZER of this entire gluteal region because a lot of other items will pass through the greater sciatic foramen, and their passage will be relative to the Piriformus.
Passing superiorly to the Piriformus:
Superior Gluteal Artery and Nerve
Passing infirmly to the Piriformus:
Inferior Gluteal Artery and Nerve
Sciatic Nerve
This organization info is important because this is a region where people tend to get shots, but it’s full of nerves. You really, really don’t want to hit a nerve; it hurts the patient and can cause damage.
greater sciatic foramen
created by the greater sciatic notch. Ligaments came in and created a complete hole
The Piriformus descends through this
What does the Sciatic Nerve split into?
Tibial Nerve
Common Fibular Nerve
Muscles of the Anterior Hip
Iliac Region
These muscles lie over the anterior hip joint.
These muscles flex the hip joint; as a result they can flex the trunk or flex the thigh.
2 Major Anterior Hip Muscles:
Psoas Major
Iliacus
The Iliacus and the Psoas Major combine to form the Iliopsoas and intert together on the femur
The Iliosoas is responsible for most of the power in flexion of the thigh.
The strongest flexor of the thigh
Psoas major
Muscle of Anterior Hip
Origin:
All (5) lumbar vertebrae
Insertion:
Lesser trochanter of femur
Action:
Flexes hip joint, resulting in the flexion of the thigh and/or trunk
Innervation:
Lumbar spinal nerves
Iliacus
Muscle of Anterior Hip
Origin: Iliac fossa
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action:
Flexes hip joint, resulting in the flexion of the thigh and/or trunk
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Muscles of the Thigh
3 muscle groups surround the femur and are divided from one another by connective tissue sheets.
The 3 muscles groups are the anterior, medial, and posterior femoral (thigh) muscles.
The leg muscle groups
anterior, posterior, lateral
The thigh muscle groups
anterior, posterior, medial
Muscles of the Anterior Thigh
ALL are innervated by the Femoral Nerve
Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
The Quadriceps Femoris is composed of: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
Quadriceps Femoris
Composed of: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius
ALL innervated by the Femoral Nerve
ALL Extend the LEG at the knee
ALL insert at the Patella and at the Tibial Tuberosity
Muscles of the Anterior Thigh
One other largest and most powerful muscles of the body
Climbing, standing from sitting, jumping
The 4 combine into the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which holds the patella.
The patellar ligament is a continuation of this tendon
Sartorius
Muscle of the Anterior Thigh
Origin:
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion:
Medial surface of proximal tibia
Action Flexes leg (knee)** Flexes thigh (hip)**
Innervated by the Femoral Nerve, like the others **
Sartorius: the tailor’s muscle. Sartor is Latin for Tailor.
Brings lower limbs into crossed position, the position that tailors would sit in while working on people’s clothing
Same Insertion Point for Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendonosus
Sartorius: Longest muscle in the entire body.
It’s 2 actions at the same time brings lower limbs into crossed position, the position that tailors would sit in while working on people’s clothing
Medial surface of proximal tibia
The Insertion Point of the Sartorial, the Gracilis, and the Semitendonosus muscles
Rectus femoris
Muscle of the Anterior Thigh
Part of the Quadriceps Femoris
Origin
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Superior margin of acetabulum
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament)
Action Extends leg (knee) like the other 3 Flexes thigh (hip), like the 1
Innervation: Femoral nerve, like the rest
The Kicking Muscle
Muscles of Medial Thigh
The medial thigh muscles make up “the adductor group”.
- Gracilis: most medial
- Pectineus: exception, innervated by femoral nerve
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus: very large
ALL originate from the PUBIS
Important for actions that involve bringing the thighs together, like horseback riding.
Adduction at the hip joint.
In General: Medial pelvis (Pubis) to posterior femur, obturator
Gracilis
strap-like muscle along the medial aspect of thigh & knee
The only muscle of the medial compartment that actually crosses the knee joint. The other 4 don’t.
Origin: Pubis
Insertion:
Medial surface of proximal tibia
Action: Adducts thigh (hip)
Innervation: Obturator nerve
Same insertion point as sartorius and the semitendinosus.
Shortens muscle
Pectineus
Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal femur
Action Adducts [shortens] thigh (hip) Flexes thigh (hip)
Innervation: Femoral nerve***** same as the iliacus (before it merges) and the anterior compartment muscles.
The pectineus muscle is the only medial thigh muscle that is NOT innervated by the obturator nerve
Adductor longus:
long fan-shaped muscle
The most anterior/superficial of the 3 adductor muscles
Muscles of Medial Thigh
Origin
Pubis
Insertion
Linea aspera of femur
Action Adducts thigh (hip)
Innervation
Obturator nerve
Adductor brevis
Muscles of Medial Thigh
Origin
Pubis
Insertion
Linea aspera of femur
Action Adducts thigh (hip)
Innervation
Obturator nerve
Brevis means short
Adductor magnus
Muscles of Medial Thigh
Origin
Pubis and Ischium
Insertion
Linea aspera of femur
Adductor tubercle of femur
Action Adducts thigh (hip)
Innervation
Obturator nerve
Very large muscle, triangular in shape.
Located Very deep
Muscles of Posterior Thigh
The posterior thigh muscles make up “the hamstring muscles”.
The posterior thigh muscles include: 1. Biceps Femoris: located laterally A. Long head B. Short head 2. Semitendinosus: medial 3. Semimembranosus: medial
1A, 2, and 3:
Span both the hip & knee joints.
Arise from the ISCHIAL tuberosity.
Are innervated by the tibial nerve (division of the sciatic nerve).
ALL Extends thigh (hip) and flexes leg (knee)
Linea aspera of femur
Origin of the
- Adductor magnus (medial thigh)
- Biceps femoris, short head (posterior thigh)
Biceps femoris, long head
Muscle of Posterior Thigh
Origin
Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Head of fibula (along with short head; they share a common tendon)
Action Flexes leg (knee) Extends thigh (hip)
Innervation Tibial nerve (division of sciatic nerve)
Biceps means 2 heads
The only thigh muscle that inserts on the lateral aspect of the leg
The long head and short head combine for a common insertion point.
The long head is more superficial than the short head.
Provides protection for the sciatic nerve
Biceps femoris, short head
Muscle of Posterior Thigh
Origin
Linea aspera of femur
Insertion
Head of fibula (along with long head; they share a common tendon)
Action Flexes leg (knee)
Innervation: Common fibular (peroneal) nerve, lateral division of the sciatic nerve
Semitendinosus
Muscle of Posterior Thigh
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia
Action Flexes leg (knee) Extends thigh (hip)
Innervation: Tibial nerve (division of sciatic nerve)
A lot of the length of this muscle is tendon.
More superficial than the Semimembranosus.
Semimembranosus
Muscle of Posterior Thigh
Origin Ischial tuberosity (connects as a broad membrane-looking tendon)
Insertion
Posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
Action Flexes leg (knee) Extends thigh (hip)
Innervation Tibial nerve (division of sciatic nerve)
If the femoral nerve iscut, which muscle compartment would be most affected?
Anterior thigh
Weakness in climbing stairs or jumping would indicate aweakness of which muscle?
Gluteus maximus m.
What muscle flexes the thigh?
Iliacus m.
The sartorius muscle originates on the ________ and _______ the knee joint.
anterior superior iliac spine;flexes
Correctly match the muscle with its nerve innervation:
Tensor fasciae latae m
superior gluteal n.
Correctly match the muscle with its nerve innervation:
Psoas major m
lumbar spinal n.
Correctly match the muscle with its nerve innervation:
Rectus femoris m
femoral n.
Correctly match the muscle with its nerve innervation:
Pectineus m
femoral n.
Muscles of the thigh,parts of the quadriceps group?
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
What structure exitsthe pelvis INFERIOR the piriformis muscle?
Sciatic nerve
Which structure prevents the outward movement of contracting muscles in the thigh, making muscular contractions more efficient in compressing veins to assist in the return of bloodback towards the heart?
Fascia lata
A doctor tells a soccer player that he has “a pulled hamstring” muscle. This results from a tearing of the origination of a hamstring muscle from the ___________.
ischial tuberosity
What is the major action(s) of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Extension and lateral rotation of the thigh
The common insertion point for the quadriceps muscles is the _________.
tibial tuberosity
