Unit 1 Lecture 2: Osteology

Question 1

6 Functions of Bones

Answer 1

Support:
framework that supports the body

Protection:
skull and ribcage

Movement:
Muscles have to act against the bones. Muscles use the bones as leverage

Mineral Storage:
Calcium and Phosphate

Blood Cell Formation: – called hematopoiesis, occurs in red bone marrow

Triglyceride Storage:
Fat and energy storage. Adipose tissue is what yellow bone marrow is composed of.

Question 2

How Many Named Bones are There?

Answer 2

206 named bones

Question 3

Two Principal Divisions of Skeleton:

Answer 3

Axial:
Bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body.
Include the skull, ribcage, spine, etc.

Appendicular
Bones within the upper & lower limbs, as well as the bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton (i.e. the girdles)
Includes the scapula, clavicle, coxal bone, etc.

Question 4

5 Classification of Bones:

Answer 4

Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Sesamoid

Question 5

Long Bones

Answer 5

Are longer than they are wide.

Have a shaft portion and 2 end parts.

Found in the limbs.

Include phalanges

Question 6

Short Bones

Answer 6

Cube-ish in shape.

Include the Ankles.

Question 7

Flat Bones

Answer 7

Includes the sternum, the ribs, and the bones of the skull

Question 8

Irregular Bones

Answer 8

Includes the vertebrae

Question 9

Sesamoid

Answer 9

a type of short bones.

They are found in tendons.

Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Sesamoid Bones help alter the direction of the pull of a tendon.

Includes the patella and others that don’t have names and can differ from person to person.

Question 10

Texture of Bones:

Answer 10

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone

Question 11

Compact Bone

Answer 11

Dense.

Vascularization

Question 12

Spongy Bone

Answer 12

Found on the inside of the Compact Bone exterior.

Trabeculae: Bone spicules laid along stress lines.

In between the Trabeculae, there is is red and yellow bone marrow

Spongy Bone remodels over time.
We replace about 10% of it every year.

Question 13

Long Bone Structure

Answer 13

Diaphysis
(containing medullary cavity or marrow cavity containing red or yellow bone marrow)

Epiphyses

Epiphyseal Plate (Hyaline Cartilage)        
OR
Epiphyseal Line (Bone)

Membranes
(Periosteum & Endosteum)

Articular Cartilage
(Type of Hyaline Cartilage)

Question 14

The Periosteum and the Endosteum

Answer 14

The Periosteum: much thicker, fibrous than the endosteum. Tendons attach to Periosteum

Along the internal passageways: endosteum. Not thick. Made of Osteoglass bones which build bone, and Osteoclass cells (break down bones). Bone remodeling cells.

Sharpies fibers anchor the Periosteum to the bone

Question 15

diaphysis

Answer 15

The Shaft of a Long Bone

Question 16

Marrow Cavity

Answer 16

holds red or yellow marrow

As you age, red marrow changes to mostly yellow marrow.

As adults, there’s only a couple places with it: The Heads of the Humorous, Femur, and Hip Bones

If a person is ill, the yellow will sometimes change back to red marrow

Epiphyses sometimes also have marrow

Question 17

Epiphyseal plate:

Answer 17

Made of connective tissue, hyalin cartilage.

Important for the lengthening of the bone.

Present in children.

As an individual matures, the plate is replaced with a line of bone.

Important for forensics for aging a human specimen.

Question 18

Articular Cartilage

Answer 18

Articular cartilage:
hyaline cartilage that absorbs stress

“Articulation” refers to joint

Question 19

Similarities of Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid

Bone Structure

Answer 19

Simpler layout than the long bone.

No medullary cavities or shafts

Membranes are still present though: periosteum and endosteum

Also includes marrow throughout the bone in the bone spicules of the dipole of the spongy bone

Question 20

What is the name of thecentral cavity in thediaphysis of a long bone where red/yellow marrow is found?

Answer 20

Medullary cavity

Question 21

Perferating (Sharpey’s) fibers are collagen filbers that connect the_______.

Answer 21

periosteum to theunderlying bone

Question 22

An important function of the skeletal system is _________.

Answer 22

protection of the brain andvisceral organs

Question 23

What bone is CORRECTLY matched with the proper skeleton?

A)Scapula - appendicular skeleton

B)Carpal bones - axial skeleton

C)Sternum - appendicular skeleton

D)Clavicle - axial skeleton

E)Femur - axial skeleton

Answer 23

Scapula - appendicular skeleton

Question 24

What is found covering the ends of long bones?

Answer 24

Articular cartilage

Question 25

All the bones are classified correctly EXCEPT for:

A)Vertebrae - irregular bone

B)Humerus - long bone

C)Sternum - flat bone

D)Ribs - flat bone

E)Carpal bones - long bone

Answer 25

Carpal bones - long bone

Question 26

An x-ray determined that Jonathan fractured the shaft of his humerus. This means that the break is in the _______ of the bone.

Answer 26

diaphysis

Question 27

Which structure is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows for the lengthwise growth of long bones?

Answer 27

Epiphyseal plate

Question 28

The bones in the long or longitudinal axis of the body make up the _______.

Answer 28

axial skeleton

Question 29

The term diploë refers to the ________.

Answer 29

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Question 30

The bone spiculesassociated with spongy bone are called_______.

Answer 30

trabeculae