Unit 1 Lecture 6: Myology and Movement Flashcards
Muscles
use ATP to generate force
stimulation to generate force can come from nerves, intrinsic system regulation, hormones, etc.
responsible for body movements
contain myofilaments (i.e. actin & myosin) which interact to produce tension
3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
1) Skeletal (voluntary, striated)
2) Cardiac (involuntary, striated)
3) Smooth (involuntary, nonstriated)
Actin and myosin are responsible for striation
Functions of Muscle Tissue:
1) Producing Body Movement – including moving substances within the body (e.g. peristalsis); changing the size of certain structures (e.g. pupil of eye)
2) Maintaining Posture
3) Stabilizing Joints
4) Generating Heat (thermogenesis)
Macroscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle
1) Skeletal Muscle Fibers
2) Blood Vessels (artery, capillaries, and veins)
3) Nerve Fibers
4) Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Sheaths Associated with a Skeletal Muscle:
1) Endomysium
2) Perimysium
3) Epimysium
Muscle Tissue:
Macroscopic Structure
Most skeletal muscles cross at least one joint and are usually attached to the articulating bones that form the joint.
When a muscle contracts and shortens, it pulls one of the articulating bones towards the other; so one bone remains relatively stationary, while the other moves.
Origin
the muscle’s attachment to the immovable (or less movable) bone
Can be a Direct or Indirect Attachment
Insertion
the muscle’s attachment to the moveable bone
Can be a Direct or Indirect Attachment
Direct Attachments
the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of the bone
Indirect Attachments
the muscle’s connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as either a tendon or an aponeurosis, which will attach to the bone
aponeurosis
a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.
Aponeuroses (plural of aponeurosis: απο, “away” or “of”, and νευρον, “sinew”) are layers of flat broad tendons.
4 General Types of Movements
at Synovial Joints:
1) Gliding Movement or Translation
2) Angular Movement:
Includes Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction.
3) Rotation
4) Special Movements*:
Includes Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, and Opposition
*There are other movements that apply to specific joints or don’t fit into the categories first 3 categories; these are called special movements.
Gliding or Translation
Intercarpal Joints
Angular Movements:
Flexion
Decrease in the angle between 2 body parts
Lift entire arm up
Kicking heel backwards
Trend: to curl in toward the bellybutton
Angular Movements:
Extension
Increases the angle between 2 body parts
Opposite of flexion
Pressing entire arm back posteriorly
Swinging leg up anteriorly
Trend: movement toward dorsal
Angular Movements:
Adduction
Moving medially or towards the midline
AdDuction, MiDline, MeDially
Angular Movements:
Abduction
Moving laterally or away from the midline
like spreading out fingers
Plantar Flexion
Downward pushing movement of the ball of the foot
Planting foot deeper into the soil
Going from regular standing into calf raises or into standing on the “tippy toes”
Dorsiflexion
pulling toes back towards the knee
Eversion
pinky toe leads up towards later
Inversion
The big toe leads up towards the midline
Like how mom and I stand when barefoot
In order for a ballerina to stand on her toes, her feet must ____________.
plantar flex
The action of moving away a limb from the midline or median plane of the body is known as _____.
abduction
The end of the muscle that is attached to the more stationary of the two bones is the _____.
origin
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that __________.
surrounds each individual muscle fiber
Another namefor a muscle cell is a muscle______________.
fiber
What muscle tissueis involuntary and found throughout the body?
Smooth
What muscle tissue is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary?
Skeletal
In what order would a scalpel penetrate these layers of connective tissue upon cutting into therectus femorismuscle?
Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium
From external to internal.
So from Epimysium, down into the Perimysium, and finally to the Endomysium
The type of movement produced when you shake your head “no” is ________.
rotation
__________ decreases the angle between two bones.
Flexion
_________ increases the angle between two bones.
extension
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
A) Hematopoiesis B) Heat generation C) Joint stabilization D) Posture maintenance E) Movement
Hematopoiesis is not
When grasping a doorknob, what movement of your forearm is necessary to open the door – turning the knob in a clockwise direction? (Note: Assume you are using your right hand.)
Supination
What movement is required to tilt the head posteriorly to look up at the sky to gaze at the stars?
Hyperextension
