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CTGN 1st Shift > UNIT 1: Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the structure of DNA within the cell nucleus

A

Cytogenetics

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1
Q

Cytogenetic studies that ___ and ___ of chromosomes

A

Number and morphology

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2
Q

Chromosome banding techniques is also known as ___

A

Classical cytogenetics

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3
Q

Hybridization fluorescent technique is also known as ___

A

Molecular cytogenetics

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4
Q

A mix of native and non-native chromosome

A

Hybridization

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5
Q

He observed the section of cork by a primitive type of microscope

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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6
Q

What did Hooke found out about the section of the cork?

A

It was made up of small hollow units like honey comb

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7
Q

Hooke termed the honey comb structural unit as ___

A

Cell

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8
Q

He published microscopic anatomy of plants

A

Nehemiah Grew

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9
Q

Grew advanced a theory that the stamen corresponds to ___ (male or female), while pistil corresponds to ___ (male or female) reproductive organ

A

male
female

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10
Q

He improved the microscope by the technique of grinding the lens

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

He reported the studies on free cells such as protozoa and bacteria

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

T/F: Leeuwenhoek also studies blood cells

A

T

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13
Q

He showed the presence of sex in plants

A

Rudolf Jacob Camerarius

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14
Q

Camerarius demonstrated that in ___, seeds are not produced unless ___ is applied to the ____

A

maize
pollen
pistil

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15
Q

Camerarius concluded that ___ is the male element, while ___ is the female element

A

pollen
pistil

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16
Q

He published the information on his work of plant hybridization

A

Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter

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17
Q

Kolreuter made hybrids between different varieties of ___ and between some plant genera

A

Tobacco

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18
Q

By using ___, Kolreuter showed the equal contribution of male and female parents to their offspring

A

Reciprocal crosses

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19
Q

He proposed a theory of evolution

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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20
Q

Lamarck propose the theory of ___

A

Inheritance of acquired characters

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21
Q

According to Lamarck, variation in an individual is brought about by:

A

(a) conscious effort
(b) reaction to environment
(c) use and disuse of the organ

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22
Q

Another conclusion by Lamarck aside from the factors of variation in an individual

A

Heredity carries forward the changes that are acquired during the life time of the individual

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23
Q

He studied plant cells and discovered nucleus in Tradescantia

A

Robert Brown

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24
Q

He described the nucleus as a central feature of living cells

A

Robert Brown

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25
Q

He described cell division and showed that cells arise through partition walls formed between preexisting cells

A

Hugo von Mohl

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26
Q

They put forth the cell theory on the basis of accumulated experimental results

A

Matthias Jacob Schleiden
Theodor Schwann

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27
Q

Three principles of Schleiden & Schwann’s experimental results

A
  1. The cell is the smallest structural element of a multicellular organism and it is an elementary organism
  2. In a multicellular organism, every cell has a specific function to perform, and represents a working unit
  3. A cell can only be produced from another cell by cell division
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28
Q

Who summarized the cell theory?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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29
Q

In 1842, ___ 1st discovered chromosomes in pollen

A

Karl Nageli

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30
Q

In 1870, ___ introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division

A

Walther Flemming

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31
Q

Aniline is derived from ___

A

Coal tar

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32
Q

Aniline is a/an ___ (acidic/basic)

A

Basic

33
Q

Aniline dyes the ___ of the cell

A

Nucleus (specifically the phosphate group)

34
Q

Nucleus are basophilic, while proteins are ___

A

Eosinophilic

35
Q

In 1888, ___ coined the term “chromosome” after staining techniques had been developed

A

Waldeyer

36
Q

In 1923, Theophilus Painter derived an estimate of ___ chromosomes using images of ___ from thin sections of ____ embedded in paraffin and stained with ____

A

48
nuclei reconstructed
human testicular tissue
iron hematoxylin

37
Q

The species used by Painter as a model animal in 1923

A

Drosophilia (fruit fly)

38
Q

What is found in the fruit fly by Painter in 1923?

A

Giant polytene chromosomes

39
Q

According to Painter in 1923, where is the giant polytene chromosomes found?

A

Salivary glands

40
Q

Two words where the word “chromosome” is derived

A

Chroma (colored)
Soma (bodies)

41
Q

To describe the deeply staining properties of the structures during cytological analysis

A

Colored body

42
Q

In 1950, the improvements of cytogenetic techniques are made possible with the use of ___ to ___

A

Colchicines
Arrest cells in metaphase

43
Q

In 1956, ___ and ___ showed that human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

Joe Hin Tjio
Albert Levan

44
Q

In 1960, peripheral leukocyte culture method of ___ was adopted by many cytogeneticists

A

Moorehead et al.

45
Q

Colchicine is an anti-___ drug

A

Gout

46
Q

The phase of cell division when the chromosomes are aligned in the equator

A

Metaphase

47
Q

The specific leukocyte used by Moorehead et al. in 1960

A

Lymphocyte (because of its big nucleus)

48
Q

Enumerate the process of karyotyping

A

(1) 5mL venous blood
(2) Add phytohemagglutinin and culture medium
(3) Culture at 37degrees Celsius
(4) Add colchicine and hypotonic saline
(5) Cells fixed
(6) Spread cells into slide by dropping
(7) Analyze “metaphase spread”
(8) Digest with trypsin and stain with Giemsa
(9) Karyotype

49
Q

Fixative used for karyotyping

A

Carnoy’s fixative

50
Q

Components of Carnoy’s fixative

A

3 : 1 methanol : glacial acetic acid

51
Q

Function of trypsin

A

Cut proteins (it’s a protease)

52
Q

In situ hybridization techniques were initially developed by ___ and ___ in 1960s

A

Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue

53
Q

According to Mendel’s Law, “___” are inherited

A

paired factors

54
Q

According to Mendel’s Law, “paired factors” segregate during ___

A

gamete formation

55
Q

According to Mendel’s Law, “paired factors” ___ (dependently or independently) sort

A

independently

56
Q

In 1902, ___ & ___ discovered the Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Sutton & Boveri

57
Q

According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosomes segregate in ___

A

Gamete formation (haploid)

58
Q

According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosome pairs segregate ___ (dependently or independently)

A

independently

59
Q

T/F: the first genetic linkage map has ratio and is a non mendelian principle

A

F (no ratio)

60
Q

Polytene chromosomes were first discovered in ___

A

insects

61
Q

___, ___, ____, and ___ made the 1st genetic linkage maps from fruit fly

A

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges, and Muller

62
Q

In 1920, ___ pioneered plant cytogenetics

A

Cyril Darlington

63
Q

Who are the two nobel prize winners among those who made the first genetic linkage maps from fruit fly?

A

Morgan & Muller

64
Q

___ is a term studied by ___ which pertains to one race being advance than the other

A

Eugenics
Cyril Darlingtong

65
Q

____ is the hereditary material

A

DNA

66
Q

___ discovered the amount of nitrogen base in chromosome in 1950

A

Chargaff

67
Q

In 1953, ____ & ___ discovered the double helix

A

Watson and Crick

68
Q

In 1961, the discovery of the genetic code in protein synthesis has been done by ___

A

Crick, Brenner et al.

69
Q

Who did the horizontal gene transfer & lipid experiment?

A

Frederick Griffith

70
Q

Who discovered the ratio of purine and pyrimidine?

A

Chargaff

71
Q

According to Chargaff, what is the ratio of A:T and G:C in nitrogen bases?

A

1:1, 1:1

72
Q

Who headed the human genome project but resigned later on?

A

Crick

73
Q

The first report of CGH analysis was by ___

A

Kallioniemi and colleagues

74
Q

The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Solinas-Tolodo using ____

A

Tumor cells

75
Q

The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Pinkel et al. using ____

A

Breast cancer cells

76
Q

Translocation of chromosomes causes ___

A

Cancer

77
Q

Pachytene is from which phase of cell division?

A

Meiosis I

78
Q

The non-invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies

A

Maternal blood (baby RBC)

79
Q

The invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies

A

Amniocentesis

80
Q

___% of the chromosomal aberrations causing live-born birth defects are Aneuploidies

A

95%

81
Q

____ is a useful method for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders

A

Blood cytogenetic analysis of fetal cells by FISH

CTGN 1st Shift (8 decks)

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