UNIT 1: Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
Branch of genetics that studies the structure of DNA within the cell nucleus
Cytogenetics
Cytogenetic studies that ___ and ___ of chromosomes
Number and morphology
Chromosome banding techniques is also known as ___
Classical cytogenetics
Hybridization fluorescent technique is also known as ___
Molecular cytogenetics
A mix of native and non-native chromosome
Hybridization
He observed the section of cork by a primitive type of microscope
Robert Hooke (1665)
What did Hooke found out about the section of the cork?
It was made up of small hollow units like honey comb
Hooke termed the honey comb structural unit as ___
Cell
He published microscopic anatomy of plants
Nehemiah Grew
Grew advanced a theory that the stamen corresponds to ___ (male or female), while pistil corresponds to ___ (male or female) reproductive organ
male
female
He improved the microscope by the technique of grinding the lens
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
He reported the studies on free cells such as protozoa and bacteria
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
T/F: Leeuwenhoek also studies blood cells
T
He showed the presence of sex in plants
Rudolf Jacob Camerarius
Camerarius demonstrated that in ___, seeds are not produced unless ___ is applied to the ____
maize
pollen
pistil
Camerarius concluded that ___ is the male element, while ___ is the female element
pollen
pistil
He published the information on his work of plant hybridization
Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter
Kolreuter made hybrids between different varieties of ___ and between some plant genera
Tobacco
By using ___, Kolreuter showed the equal contribution of male and female parents to their offspring
Reciprocal crosses
He proposed a theory of evolution
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Lamarck propose the theory of ___
Inheritance of acquired characters
According to Lamarck, variation in an individual is brought about by:
(a) conscious effort
(b) reaction to environment
(c) use and disuse of the organ
Another conclusion by Lamarck aside from the factors of variation in an individual
Heredity carries forward the changes that are acquired during the life time of the individual
He studied plant cells and discovered nucleus in Tradescantia
Robert Brown
He described the nucleus as a central feature of living cells
Robert Brown
He described cell division and showed that cells arise through partition walls formed between preexisting cells
Hugo von Mohl
They put forth the cell theory on the basis of accumulated experimental results
Matthias Jacob Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Three principles of Schleiden & Schwann’s experimental results
- The cell is the smallest structural element of a multicellular organism and it is an elementary organism
- In a multicellular organism, every cell has a specific function to perform, and represents a working unit
- A cell can only be produced from another cell by cell division
Who summarized the cell theory?
Rudolf Virchow
In 1842, ___ 1st discovered chromosomes in pollen
Karl Nageli
In 1870, ___ introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division
Walther Flemming
Aniline is derived from ___
Coal tar
Aniline is a/an ___ (acidic/basic)
Basic
Aniline dyes the ___ of the cell
Nucleus (specifically the phosphate group)
Nucleus are basophilic, while proteins are ___
Eosinophilic
In 1888, ___ coined the term “chromosome” after staining techniques had been developed
Waldeyer
In 1923, Theophilus Painter derived an estimate of ___ chromosomes using images of ___ from thin sections of ____ embedded in paraffin and stained with ____
48
nuclei reconstructed
human testicular tissue
iron hematoxylin
The species used by Painter as a model animal in 1923
Drosophilia (fruit fly)
What is found in the fruit fly by Painter in 1923?
Giant polytene chromosomes
According to Painter in 1923, where is the giant polytene chromosomes found?
Salivary glands
Two words where the word “chromosome” is derived
Chroma (colored)
Soma (bodies)
To describe the deeply staining properties of the structures during cytological analysis
Colored body
In 1950, the improvements of cytogenetic techniques are made possible with the use of ___ to ___
Colchicines
Arrest cells in metaphase
In 1956, ___ and ___ showed that human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Joe Hin Tjio
Albert Levan
In 1960, peripheral leukocyte culture method of ___ was adopted by many cytogeneticists
Moorehead et al.
Colchicine is an anti-___ drug
Gout
The phase of cell division when the chromosomes are aligned in the equator
Metaphase
The specific leukocyte used by Moorehead et al. in 1960
Lymphocyte (because of its big nucleus)
Enumerate the process of karyotyping
(1) 5mL venous blood
(2) Add phytohemagglutinin and culture medium
(3) Culture at 37degrees Celsius
(4) Add colchicine and hypotonic saline
(5) Cells fixed
(6) Spread cells into slide by dropping
(7) Analyze “metaphase spread”
(8) Digest with trypsin and stain with Giemsa
(9) Karyotype
Fixative used for karyotyping
Carnoy’s fixative
Components of Carnoy’s fixative
3 : 1 methanol : glacial acetic acid
Function of trypsin
Cut proteins (it’s a protease)
In situ hybridization techniques were initially developed by ___ and ___ in 1960s
Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue
According to Mendel’s Law, “___” are inherited
paired factors
According to Mendel’s Law, “paired factors” segregate during ___
gamete formation
According to Mendel’s Law, “paired factors” ___ (dependently or independently) sort
independently
In 1902, ___ & ___ discovered the Chromosome theory of inheritance
Sutton & Boveri
According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosomes segregate in ___
Gamete formation (haploid)
According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosome pairs segregate ___ (dependently or independently)
independently
T/F: the first genetic linkage map has ratio and is a non mendelian principle
F (no ratio)
Polytene chromosomes were first discovered in ___
insects
___, ___, ____, and ___ made the 1st genetic linkage maps from fruit fly
Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges, and Muller
In 1920, ___ pioneered plant cytogenetics
Cyril Darlington
Who are the two nobel prize winners among those who made the first genetic linkage maps from fruit fly?
Morgan & Muller
___ is a term studied by ___ which pertains to one race being advance than the other
Eugenics
Cyril Darlingtong
____ is the hereditary material
DNA
___ discovered the amount of nitrogen base in chromosome in 1950
Chargaff
In 1953, ____ & ___ discovered the double helix
Watson and Crick
In 1961, the discovery of the genetic code in protein synthesis has been done by ___
Crick, Brenner et al.
Who did the horizontal gene transfer & lipid experiment?
Frederick Griffith
Who discovered the ratio of purine and pyrimidine?
Chargaff
According to Chargaff, what is the ratio of A:T and G:C in nitrogen bases?
1:1, 1:1
Who headed the human genome project but resigned later on?
Crick
The first report of CGH analysis was by ___
Kallioniemi and colleagues
The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Solinas-Tolodo using ____
Tumor cells
The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Pinkel et al. using ____
Breast cancer cells
Translocation of chromosomes causes ___
Cancer
Pachytene is from which phase of cell division?
Meiosis I
The non-invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies
Maternal blood (baby RBC)
The invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies
Amniocentesis
___% of the chromosomal aberrations causing live-born birth defects are Aneuploidies
95%
____ is a useful method for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders
Blood cytogenetic analysis of fetal cells by FISH
