[quiz 2] Flashcards
T/F: sister chromatids are exact replicas of each other, and so with homologous chromosomes
F
T/F: Homologous chromosomes are connected at the centromere during the interphase
F (sister chromatids are connected, not homologous chromosomes)
T/F: Mendel’s discoveries concerning genetic inheritance were generally accepted by the scientific community during the mid-19th century
F
T/F: Mendel believed that the genetic traits of parents will usually blend in with their children
F
T/F: Mendel’s ideas about genetics apply equally to plants and animals
T
The molecular/cellular basis of inheritance that was drawn from Mendel’s work and is now correlated in chromosomes is known as ___
Sutton-Boveri Theory
The idea that for any particulate trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel’s principle of ___
Segregation
Principle of segregation:
During ___, alleles separate, such that each ___ is equally likely to receive either one of the two alleles present in the diploid individual
meiosis
gamete
T/F: Principle of segregation is easily proven by a monohybrid cross
T
By dihybrid crosses or product rule, “both loci assort independently; one allele at each locus is completely dominant; and each of four possible phenotypes can be distinguished unambiguously, with no interactions between the two genes that would alter the phenotypes”. The usual phenotypic ratio is ___
9:3:3:1
T/F:
Mendelian genetics:
Mendelian inheritance is seen in the way several genes interact to produce eye color
F
T/F:
Mendelian genetics:
The traits that strictly follow Mendelian inheritance are rarer than polygenic or gene interactive kinds
T
T/F:
Mendelian genetics:
Mendel’s ratios hold true even in the case of linkage because it is universal
F
T/F:
Mendelian genetics:
Mendelian genetics follow the blending in hypothesis of trait inheritance
F
___ disease is a term for disease than can be accurately predicted via Mendelian genetics alone
Single-gene
Which is an example of possible single-gene disease?
Hemophilia A
Diabetes
Cervical cancer
All
Hemophilia A
___ consisting of sick children and their parents can reveal whether the child inherited two disease-causing mutations from carrier parents, or whether a dominant mutation arose anew, termed “de novo”
Test of trios
T/F:
Concept of dominance:
Dominant traits more often are a gain of function
T
T/F:
Concept of dominance:
Gain of function accounts for heterozygotes expressing the trait just as homozygotes do in dominant inheritance
T
T/F:
Concept of dominance:
Dominant disease whose symptoms do not appear until adulthood, or that do not severely disrupt health, remain in population because they do not prevent a person from having children and passing on the mutation
T
An intermediate form of disease happens in heterozygotes of single gene disease that follow dominant inheritance where they show symptoms in certain extreme condition. An example would be
Alpha-thalassemia disease
Huntington’s disease
Sickle cell trait
Juvenile onset diabetes
Sickle cell trait
T/F:
Recessive genes:
It more often results in gain of function
F
T/F:
Recessive genes:
Carrier individuals also show up with the disease because the recessive gene encodes for a protein that promotes abnormal function
F
T/F:
Recessive genes:
Traits from recessive genes, when it comes to disease, tend to appear later in life and are less severe
F
T/F:
Recessive genes:
Disease-causing recessive alleles remain in populations because health homozygotes pass them to future generations
F
T/F:
Recessive genes:
Consanguinity promotes the appearance of recessive genes in tthe population
T
T/F: in non Mendelian traits, the Mendelian principles and laws still operate but are hidden by environmental and gene-to-gene interaction
T
T/F: non Mendelian traits appear to skew the ratios provided by the Mendelian laws
T
When genes are close to each other on the same chromosome, they usually do not segregate at random during meiosis and therefore their expression does not support Mendel’s predictions. This is called ___
Linkage
T/F: Some DNA sequences are nearly always inherited together, like two inseparable friends and cause non-random association between DNA sequences called linkage disequilibrium
F (random)
___ is a physical grouping of genomic variants that tend to be inherited together
Haplotype
Identify the dominance relationship:
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Incomplete dominance
Identify the dominance relationship:
Antigens in MN blood groups
Codominance
Identify the dominance relationship:
ABO blood group: lacking H antigen
Epistasis
___ occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. Mutation in this gene may have an effect on several traits simultaneously, due to the gene coding for a product used by a myriad of cells or different targets that have the same signaling fuction
Pleiotropy
A certain drug mimics the phenotype of a congenital anomaly when taken during pregnancy. The disease caused by the drug is a ___ of the rare genetic defect
Phenocopy
For those with 40 or more CAG repeats, ___ is almost 100%, with all individuals with such genotype showing signs of severe disease
Penetrance
Identify the dominance relationship:
Different phenotypes of neurofibromatosis
Variable expressivity
Identify the dominance relationship:
Different genes that interact to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus
Polygenic
