Unit 1: In class Notes Flashcards
Relationship between HE & HP
- Health promotion ties everything together
- Health education is at the core
- Health promotion= environmental factors
- Proper HP relies on everything (consider all the areas of influence)
HE, DP & HP
- Huge diff between HP & DP
- HP roots in HE (HE still factors into HP)
- HE= more specific role with a purpose within HP
- HP= broader and includes various factors
- HE enabled HP
- E.g. diabetic child and mother need to learn how to use insulin (HE)
Disease Prevention
- Most deaths and disabilities are related to chronic disease
- Teens: accidents & Suicide
- Educate people through HP campaigns (e.g. suicide prevention day)
Most common causes of death vs actual causes of death
- Cause vs outcome (common causes)
- All causes of death seem to be behavioural risk factors
Primary Prevention
measures that forestall the onset of a disease, illness or injury
Health status of primary prevention
Healthy, without signs or symptoms of disease, illness or injury
Example interventions of primary prevention
Activities to improve well-being while preventing specific health problems (e.g. legislation to mandate safe practices)
Secondary Prevention
measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury to minimize progression of health problem
Health status of secondary prevention
Presence of disease, illness or injury
Example interventions of secondary prevention
Activities directed at early diagnosis, referral and prompt treatment (e.g. mammograms, self-testicular exams etc.)
Tertiary Prevention
measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant disease, illness or injury
Health status of tertiary prevention
Disability, impairment or dependency
Example interventions of tertiary prevention
Activities directed at rehab to return to maximum use (e.g. disease management programs, support groups, cardiac rehab programs etc.)
Disease Prevention Facts
- Health= absence of disease
- Medical model
- Aimed at high-risk groups in the population
- Specific pathology
- One-shot strategy
- Directive & persuasive strategies
- Directive measures enforced in target groups
- Focused on individuals & groups of subjects
- Preventative programs consider the affairs of professional groups from health disciplines
Health Promotion Facts
- Health= (+) & multidimensional
- Participatory model of health
- Aimed at the population in its total environment
- Concerns network of issues
- Diverse & complimentary strategies
- Facilitating & enabling approaches
- Incentive measures offered to a population
- Program aims to change a person’s status and their environment
- non-professional organizations, civic groups, local, municipal, regional & national governments necessary for achieving the goal of HP
Conventional Model
- Our culture & western medicine relies on a common model of health & disease
- The interaction of an individual’s susceptibility (resilience) and risks (protective factors)
- Susceptibility- individual characteristics (e.g. sex, age, genetics)
- Risks- ranges from pathogens to poisons to environmental conditions
Medicine in 1916
- Reacting to illness (not preventing)
- Relied on medical model
- Humans= slow to use HP
- E.g. Flint Michigan water crisis
- primitive techniques
Host & Agent Example
-If I am elderly, eat poorly, and have little social support, I am very susceptible to the risk posed by exposure to influenza virus
Host susceptibility
- characteristics that increase/ decrease vulnerability
- e.g. the virulence of the influenza contribute to the
Agent Potential
- risk to damage health
- medical vulnerability
Medical Model
- Health interventions are aimed at reducing host susceptibility (e.g. improving the diet and getting them immunized for flu) and reducing risk (e.g. separating potentially infectious people from vulnerable ones)
- Assumes centrality of host/agent interaction
Epidemiology
- the science of explicating the causes and variations of disease incidence, based on the host/agent model
- hot spots/ prevalence rates
Diff between HP & HE
- HP- broader topic that influences individuals in various settings
- HE- smaller more specific topics
HE Definition
“using evidence-base practices and/or sound theories to provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviours” (Joint Committee, 2012)
Inventories…
may exclude certain cultural and gendered groups
“Evidence based Practice”
Personal experience or observation (qualitative/ narrative based)
Positivism
absolute truth in some way
“health directed behaviour”
for disease prevention or further disease progression
E.g. degenerative condition-> optimum well-being despite their condition
- Deals with people who are older or with chronic disease (not always healthy)
- Planned learning experience to facilitate voluntary change in behaviour-> used for solving discrete and immediate problems of importance to individuals and groups
- E.g. family planning, immunization & screening programs
- HE is related to specific health directed behaviour & disease prevention, rather than promoting lifestyle changes for wellness.
HP Definition
“any planned combination of education, political, environmental, regulatory or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to health of individuals, groups and communities.”
HP Facts
- Considers factors of influence
- HE is hired by HP campaign to follow through
- Role is more complex as you must look at factors that intersect
- Human behaviour is not only governed by personal factors, but also the structure of the environment (SDoHs)
- Whether someone chooses and is able to take care of their health
- Health as a positive concept
- making the healthier choice the easiest choice
- Helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health
- *Not only the responsibility of the health sector, but beyond lifestyles and well-being
- Science= evidence, art= facilitating
- Not sole responsibility of the health sector
- Society knows what is good vs bad (audience is used to opposing forces)
HP focuses on…
- Advocacy: conditions of health favourable through advocacy for health as a resource
- Enabling: focuses on achieving equity in health
- Mediating: demands coordination of sectors (competing agendas-> patient care, professional, corporate & political)
Advocacy
- HP aims at making conditions of health as a resource (social, economic and personal development conditions) favourable through advocacy for health
- Want people to participate because they want to
- Facilitate change in others
- E.g. “The Insiders”: noticed issues with data in tobacco studies
- Companies hiding the addictive and bad effects of tobacco
- Making fully informed choices
- E.g. “Sugarcoated” & “Perdue”-> fake claims about oxy drug led them to go bankrupt
Enabling
- Achieving equity in health, reducing differences among SES groups, facilitating equal opportunities and resources to enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential (access to info, life skills etc.)
- Survey-> access to all the content someone needs to make changes to their health
- Barriers to info?
- Needs assessment in HP identifies this
- Equity + access= easier choice!
Mediating
- HP demand coordinated action by all concerned for health: gov, health & other social/ economic sectors, non-gov, vol organizations, etc.
- How to bring people on board?
- Health care is about reacting not preventing
- Doesn’t want to invest upfront for long-term gain
- Nordic countries are better
Need for HE
-provides concern-arousing, action-stimulating force for public involvement & social reform
-essential for democracy in decision-making & accountability
-Keeps the social change component of HP accountable
-w/out social policy supports for social change, HE is powerless to help people reach their health goals
-Accountability- reliable resource for the greater good of this group
-Tragedy leads to policy change
•E.g. How women became smokers? “Century of the Self”
-HE aims at voluntary actions people can take (individually or collectively) for their own health or common good of community
Without HE, HP=
manipulative social engineering enterprise (dictatorship)
HE within HP
- About enhancing awareness, changing behaviors & creating environments that support good health practices
- HP produces results through recruiting and targeting social and political actions and molding them into a form/forms of programs that will target specific gains.
- For example, heart disease or cancer= big social problem and political issue ($)
- HP targets these sectors (organizations) and produces programs like “walk for cancer” or “hearty healthy cookbooks”
- Big industries are often behind HP campaigns (corporate aspects of health care)
Why HP is broader than HE?
- HP= “the combo of educational and ecological supports of actions and conditions conducive of health.” (Green & Kreuter, 1999)
- Social, political and community
- Education= health education
- Environmental= social, political, organizational, policy, economic & regulatory circumstances bearing on health
To reach a state of physical, mental and social well-being you must…
-Be able to identify & realize aspirations, satisfy needs & change/cope with the environment
-HP is informed because…
Ways to help make easy choices
Voluntary aspect
Want people to feel successful
-HP= process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
Health Status in 20th Century (1900s)
- 20th Century (1900s)
- Many infectious diseases were controlled-> chronic diseases became a greater concern (penicillin and new innovations in medical care)
- Now chronic diseases have overtaken communicable diseases as #1 death cause
- Average life span increased to 29.7 years (roughly 30 years)
- US ranked 89th out in crude death rate and 50th in life expectancy
- Most developed but not everyone has access to health care
- Stats differ in Canada as we don’t need to pay for diagnostic tests
- HP era of public health began in 1974
- Canada Health Act (1950s-60s)