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CFE Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1: Communication within Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Unit 1: Communication within Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

In animals communication is mediated by

A

nervous transmission and hormonal secretion

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2
Q

In a hormonal secretion, what is the nature of the signal?

A

Extracellular signalling molecules

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3
Q

In a nervous transmission, what is the nature of the signal?

A

Electrical impulses and extracellular signalling

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4
Q

In a hormonal secretion, what is the method of transmission of the signal?

A

Through the bloodstream

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5
Q

In a nervous transmission, what is the method of transmission of the signal?

A

Along the axons of neurons

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6
Q

In a hormonal secretion what are the target cells?

A

Any cells

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7
Q

In a nervous transmission, what are the target cells?

A

Any cells with connections to neutrons (effectors)

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8
Q

What is the response time of a hormonal secretion in comparison to a nervous transmission?

A

Slower

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9
Q

What is the response time of a nervous transmission in comparison to a hormonal secretion?

A

Faster

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10
Q

The duration of a hormonal secretion is ______ than a nervous transmission which is transient

A

longer lasting

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11
Q

The extent of response to a hormonal secretion is ?

A

widespread

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12
Q

The extent of a response to a nervous transmission is ?

A

localised

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13
Q

Co-ordination allows what type of response to be made?

A

integrated homeostatic

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14
Q

Extracellular signalling: Stage 1, specific signalling molecules are released as a result of what?

A

A change in internal state

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15
Q

Extracellular signalling: Stage 2, signalling molecules are carried to where?

A

Target cells

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16
Q

Extracellular signalling: Stage 3, signalling molecules arrive at target cells and the cell responds with

A

a change in the internal state of cells

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17
Q

Different cell types produce specific _______ molecules?

A

signalling

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18
Q

How far an effect can a neurotransmitter have (roughly)?

A

1µm

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19
Q

How far an effect can a hormone have (roughly)?

A

1m

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20
Q

How far an effect can animal pheromones have (roughly)?

A

Up to over 1km

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21
Q

How does a target cell ‘know’ that it should respond to a specific signal?

A

Cells only detect and respond to signals if they possess a specific receptor

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22
Q

True or False? Cells can also show a specific tissue response to the same signal

A

True

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23
Q

The ligand adrenaline can bind to a receptor and produce a different response in salivary gland cells and in liver cells. What are the two responses?

A

In the salivary gland: Amylase release is stimulated

In the liver cells: Glycogen breakdown is stimulated

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24
Q

When a hydrophobic signalling molecule binds to a nuclear receptor what is it regulating?

A

Gene Transcription

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25
Q

What type of hormone is a hydrophobic signalling molecule?

A

Steroid hormones

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26
Q

Inactive transcription factor: Stage 1, an inhibitor protein is blocking what binding site on the receptor protein?

A

DNA binding site

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27
Q

Inactive transcription factor: Stage 2, the binding of a steroid hormone to a receptor site cause what to happen?

A

DNA Binding site becomes exposed as inhibitor protein is removed.

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28
Q

Thyroxine is released from where in the body?

A

The thyroid

29
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A hydrophobic hormone that regulates metabolic rate

30
Q

Thyroxine: Stage 1, The transcription of what gene is being inhibited because of the (empty) thyroid receptor bound to DNA?

A

Na+/K+ATPase gene is inhibited

31
Q

Thyroxine: Stage 2, Thyroxine is released and the receptor protein undergoes what type of change?

A

A conformational change

32
Q

Thyroxine: Stage 3, Transcription of the Na+/K+ATPase gene takes place now because?

A

It is no longer being inhibited by the thyroid receptor

33
Q

Thyroxine: Stage 4, This allows more Na+/K+ATPase in the cell membrane, therefore what molecule becomes degraded faster?

A

ATP

34
Q

Thyroxine: Stage 5, Degrading of ATP increases the _________?

A

metabolic rate

35
Q

Hydrophillic ligands: What is a hydrophillic ligand?

A

A molecule that binds to sites on the target proteins (receptors) at the surface of cells to trigger signal transduction.

36
Q

Hydrophillic ligands: Binding of a hydrophillic ligand triggers what?

A

The receptor protein to undergo a conformational change

37
Q

Peptide hormones are?

A

Short chains of amino acids

38
Q

Give two examples of relevant peptide hormones?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone and Insulin

39
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical signals that are released from nerve endings that alter the activity of target cells.

40
Q

A good example of hydrophillic signal transduction is the _________ cascade?

A

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) G-Protein

41
Q

Protein kinase activity: Stage 1, Insulin binds to the ____

A

receptor

42
Q

Protein Kinase activity: Stage 2, Kinase enzyme ________ itself.

A

phosphorylates

43
Q

Protein Kinase activity: Stage 3, Receptor phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate called?

A

IRS-1

44
Q

Protein Kinase activity: Stage 4, Phosphorylated IRS-1 acts on what to trigger cell responses?

A

effectors

45
Q

Insulin regulates the _____ concentration of the blood

A

blood glucose

46
Q

Stages of insulin production: Stage 1, Blood glucose concentration rises and a change is detected. This triggers what cells in what organ to produce more insulin?

A

Beta-cells in the pancreas

47
Q

Stages of insulin production: Stage 2, Insulin is then transported in the blood and what peptide hormone is released and what does it do?

A

ADH and it acts on adipose, liver and muscle cells

48
Q

Stages of insulin production: Stage 3, More glucose is taken up by cells resulting in?

A

Blood glucose concentration falls

49
Q

The recruitment of GLUT 4 is induced by?

A

exercise

50
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: This is a disease caused by what?

A

Defects in the insulin signalling system

51
Q

What is the cause of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Destruction of beta cells in the pancreas by immune system

52
Q

What is the cause of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Exact cause is unknown, obesity is a risk factor

53
Q

What is the nature of defect in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Pancreas does not produce any insulin

54
Q

What is the nature of defect in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Target cells develop insulin resistance due to loss of receptor function

55
Q

What is the general treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Daily insulin injections and management of diet to control blood glucose concentration

56
Q

What is the general treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Eat less sugar and saturated fat, regular exercise and medication to lower blood glucose concentration

57
Q

ADH regulates what in the body?

A

The body’s water balance

58
Q

ADH regulation: Stage 1, Blood water concentration rises and a change is detected so the body does what?

A

Release ADH from the pituitary gland

59
Q

ADH regulation: Stage 2, ADH is transported via the blood and ADH acts on what part of the kidney?

A

The kidney collecting ducts

60
Q

ADH regulation: Stage 3, ADH on the collecting ducts causes more water to reabsorbed into the blood, what effect does this have on urine and blood water concentration?

A

Less urine is made and blood water concentration falls.

61
Q

Mechanism of action of ADH: ADH binds to ADH receptor causing what to happen?

A

Activation of protein kinase A

62
Q

Mechanism of action of ADH: Activation of protein kinase A causes what to happen?

A

Protein phosphorylation

63
Q

Mechanism of action of ADH: Phosphorylation of proteins in the collecting duct of the cell cause what to happen in the lumen

A

Fusion of vesicles containing AQP 2 water channel proteins

64
Q

Aquaporins are protein channels that allow?

A

efficient transmembrane movement of water

65
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a disease in which ?

A

the water concentration mechanism of the kidney fails

66
Q

There are two types of diabetes insipidus which are?

A

Central diabetes insipidus and nephorgenic diabetes insipidus

67
Q

In central diabetes insipidus, insufficient quantities of what are produced?

A

ADH

68
Q

In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, cells in the lining of the collecting duct are?

A

unable to respond to ADH

69
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus are?

A

Excessive thirst and large quantities of dilute urine

CFE Advanced Higher Biology (15 decks)

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