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CFE Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1: Cells and Proteins 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cells and Proteins 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Signal Transduction occurs when extracellular messages are

A

hydrophillic

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2
Q

Signal Transduction transduces messages of

A

hydrophillic molecules

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3
Q

There are three systems of signal transduction:

A
  • Ion channel coupled receptors
  • G-protein coupled receptros
  • Enzymes coupled receptors
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4
Q

Ligand Gated ion channels: Vesicles contaning neurotransmitter do what?

A

Fuse with membrane

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5
Q

Ligand Gated Ion channels: Neurotransmitter cross synapse and binds to

A

receptor channel protein causing it to open

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6
Q

Ligand Gated Ion channels: Now the channels are open what molecules flows in and depolarises the membrane?

A

Na+

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7
Q

Ligand Gated Ion channels: Depolarisation of the membrane triggers what to open?

A

more local voltage gated channels to open, allowing in even more Na+

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8
Q

Ligand Gated Ion channels: Allowing in lots of Na+ creates a what?

A

Action potential across the plasma membrane

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9
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Receptor becomes active due to binding and activates what?

A

G-protein molecule

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10
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Activated G-protein moves to activate

A

the potassium ion channel

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11
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Now the channel is open, potassium flows

A

out down its electrochemical gradient

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12
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Acetylcholine can reduce ______ activity

A

muscle

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13
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Releasing potassium balances out ____ being released into the cytoplasm.

A

Na+

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14
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: The release of the K+ balancing out Na+ makes it difficult for the membrane to

A

depolarise triggering cell contraction.

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15
Q

G-Protein coupled signalling regulated ion channels: Acetylcholine binds to

A

inactive receptor

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16
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: Ligand such as adrenaline binds to

A

g-protein

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17
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: After binding of ligand, what is released by the g-protein?

A

An alpha subunit

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18
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: The alpha subunit binds to

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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19
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: Binding of the alpha subunit to adenlyl cyclase causes

A

adenlyl cylcase to change from inactive to active

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20
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: Active Adenlyl cylcase now converts ATP to

A

cAMP

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21
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: cAMP attaches to what?

A

The regulatory section of the protein kinase

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22
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: cAMP binding to the regulatory portion of protein kinase causes the kinase to

A

split, and ATP bind to the catalytic sections

23
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: The ATP/kinase molecules now bind to

A

phosphorylase which uses up the ATP to break up glucose chains

24
Q

G-Protein coupled signal Transduction: cAMP is destroyed by

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

25
Q

G-proteins G12 & G13 promote

A

actin-myosin contraction resulting in cytoskeletal remodelling.

26
Q

G-protein G1 is involved with

A

actin fibre polymerisation and membrane protrusion

27
Q

G1 protein pathway: Step 1 - G1 receptor stimulated. Then the _____ pathway is stimulated

A

RAC

28
Q

G1 protein pathway: Once RAC pathway is stimulated, what molecule is produced?

A

Phosphatidyl inositol triphosphate (PIP3) produced.

29
Q

G1 protein pathway: Production of PIP3 results in

A

induced polymerisation of actin filaments and extrusion of the cell towards the stimulus

30
Q

G12 and G13 protein pathway: G12 & G13 protein receptor is stimulated which causes the stimulation of what pathway ?

A

RHO pathway.

31
Q

RHO and RAC pathways are

A

antagonistic

32
Q

Olfactory Sensitivity: G-protein coupled receptors are sensitive to

A

odours

33
Q

Enzyme-coupled signalling: Binding of a ligand stimulates a

A

transmembrane enzyme directly

34
Q

The transmembrane receptor binds to the ligand undergoing a conformation change thus

A

activating the inactive enzyme

35
Q

Enzyme-coupled Signalling Case Study: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, ligand stimulates ___________ of tyrosine amino acids

A

auto-phosphorylation

36
Q

Enzyme-coupled Signalling Case Study: Ligands stimulate autophophorylation of tyrosine amino acids by activation of their

A

catalytic site

37
Q

Enzyme-coupled Signalling Case Study: Insulin, binds to the receptor activating tyrosine kinase begining a cascade of four intracellular messages:

A
  • Glut-4 transporter to plasma membrane and influx of glucose
  • glycogen synthesis
  • Glycolysis
  • Fatty acid synthesis
38
Q

Enzyme-coupled Signalling Case Study: Cell Growth Factors stimulate cell

A

proliferation and growth

39
Q

Genes that encode cell growth factor and their receptors are mainly what type of cell?

A

Proto-oncogenes

40
Q

Oncogenes promote

A

uncontrolled cell division

41
Q

Proto-oncogenes promote

A

cell proliferation and growth

42
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is coded for by

A

proto-oncogene

43
Q

The receptor of epidermal growth factor is an

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

44
Q

One effect of epidermal growth factor is stimulation of

A

the transcription and expression of epidermal growth factor

45
Q

Over expression of epidermal growth factor is linked to

A

cancer

46
Q

Some drugs and monoclonal antibodies try to block what receptors?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

47
Q

Herceptin and Erbitux are ?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

48
Q

Herceptin and Erbitux block two types of ____ receptor (Her 1 & Her 2) that are over expressed in breast cancer.

A

Epidermal growth factor

49
Q

Iressa is a __________ that blocks over expressed EGF receptors in some lung cancer cells

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor

50
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factors are a branch of ligands involved in the control of

A

cell growth, cell differentiation, vascularisation, wound healing and embryo growth.

51
Q

Receptor FGFR3 has been associated with bone growth as FGFR3 stimulation …

A

inhibits the formation of bone from cartilage.

52
Q

Mutations in FGFR3 have been associated with

A

achondroplasia the most common form of dwarfism.

53
Q

Achondroplasia is a condition in which sufferers inherit an allele for

A

mutated FGFR3 that is overly active

CFE Advanced Higher Biology (15 decks)

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