Unit 1 - Changing populations and places

Question 1

demographic transition model

Answer 1

shows the change in the birth rate and death rate over time.

Question 2

natural increase

Answer 2

calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. It is expressed as a percentage.

Question 3

doubling time

Answer 3

the number of years needed for a population to double in size. It is found by dividing 70 (years) by the rate of natural increase.

Question 4

population momentum

Answer 4

the tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in the birth rate or fertility levels.

Question 5

population projections

Answer 5

predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration.

Question 6

total fertility rate

Answer 6

the average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age.

Question 7

What are the factors that affect a country’s TFR?

Answer 7

The status of women: assessed by the gender-related development index (GDI), which measures the inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and standard of living.
The fewer the women involved in paid employment and education, the lower the birth rates
Level of education and material ambition: in general, the more highly educated the parents are, the fewer children they will have
The higher the level of material ambition, the fewer the children they will have
Location of residence: people in rural areas tend to have more children than those in urban areas
Religion: most religions are pro-natalist (favour large families) and opposed to birth control, sterilisation and contraception.
Catholic countries: Italy, Spain - low birth rates
Poor Catholic countries: Mexico, Brazil - high birth rates
Health of the mother: women who are not healthy may become pregnant more frequently - higher infant mortality
Economic prosperity: economic prosperity favours an increase in the birth rate, while increasing costs lead to a decline in birth rate
The need for children: high infant mortality rates increase the pressure on women to have more children.

Question 8

Life expectancy

Answer 8

the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth.

Question 9

Population structure

Answer 9

any measurable characteristic of a population

Question 10

Dependency ratios

Answer 10

tells us how many young people (under 16) and older people (over 64) depend on people of working age (16 to 64).

Question 11

how is the dependency ratio calculated?

Answer 11

(% under 15) + (% over 65) / % between 15 and 64
x 100

Question 12

what are the consequences of megacity growth for individuals?

Answer 12

positive:
Offer the prospects of a job, a home and an opportunity to improve their standard of living and quality of life

negative:
May result in unemployment or under-unemployment
Poor-quality housing
Many environmental hazards
Poor sanitation
Lower standards of living

Question 13

what are the consequences of megacity growth for societies?

Answer 13

positive:
Easier to provide housing and health care
Foster development for city/country

negative:
Provision of services may inadequate
Increased traffic congestion
Air pollution
Declining water quality
Scarcity of water
Diseases spread more easily

Question 14

forced migration

Answer 14

the movement of refugees and internally displaced people as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine or development projects.

Question 15

types of forced migration

Answer 15

Conflict-induced displacement
Development-induced displacement
Disaster-induced displacement