Option E - Changing leisure patterns Flashcards
Define ‘leisure’
any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time. It includes sport, recreation and tourism.
What are the factors that are responsible for the growth of leisure activities?
A reduction in the length of the working day
A reduction in the length of the working week
An increase in wages
An increase in disposable income
Earlier retirement
Increase in self-employment and flexitime
Developments in technology, which enable people to spend less time on chores
How is leisure time different for different groups of people?
HICS and emerging countries - take part in more leisure activities
Poorer countries - less opportunity for leisure activities
Men generally have more leisure time than women - household and parenting responsibilities
Higher income - more engagement in leisure activities
Higher life expectancy - pursuing leisure activities in retirement becomes more important.
What are ‘primary tourist/recreational resources?’
the reasons why people travel - the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation, including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites.
What are ‘secondary tourist/recreational resources?’
accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.
What is the categorisation of sporting activities?
Group 1 - athletics and rugby
American football; archery; curling; Gaelic sports; gymnastics; lacrosse
Group 2 - dancing and yoga
Keep fit; aerobics
Group 3 - outdoor sports
Angling or fishing; BMX; cyclo-cross; mountain biking
Group 4 - swimming, cycling and gym
Health, fitness or conditioning activities
Group 5 racquet sports and running
Badminton; horse riding; ice-skating
Group 6 bowling
Bowls - lawn/outdoor; bowls - indoor
Group 7 cricket, football, pub sports and tenpin bowling
Cricket; croquet
Group 8 boxing, martial arts and weightlifting
Boxing; judo; karate
Group 9 minor team sports
Baseball/softball
Group 10 water sports
Any other water sport; canoeing
What is the link between economic development and participation in leisure activities?
HICS - widespread leisure facilities wih government investiment and all age groups catered for.
LICS - leisure is less important than survival and leisure activities are extremely limited.
Government expenditure on domestic leisure provision is small, although investment in tourism is a means of development for some LICs.
As countries develop, there is a change in the leisure activities undertaken by most residents - higher income, higher participation in leisure activities.
Why has the leisure industry grown in BRICS countries?
A rising disposable income A surging middle class Rapid urbanisation Greater online connectivity An aging population
What is participation rate?
the proportion of a population that takes part in a specific sporting activity.
What are physical factors that can affect participation rate?
Mountain areas - reliable and regular snow in winter for skiing and winter sports (the Alps)
Coastal areas - large plunching breakers produce ideal conditions for surfing (Hawaii and California)
Hilly areas - mountain biking (Wales)
Rivers and lakes - fishing
High altitude - increase in red blood cell concentration for long-distance runners (Kenya and Ethiopia)
Beaches and reliable climate in summer - coastal/beach tourism (Miami Beach, Florida)
What are human factors that can affect participation rate?
Political factors - terrorist attacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015; instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
Social factors - some people cannot afford the membership fees associated with certain sports (e.g. golf clubs for the affluent, boxing for the working class)
Cultural factors - Lourdes and Mecca attract many pilgrims each year; low participation of Muslim women in athletics and swimming.
Socio-economic factors - employment status/housing tenure
Access to a car - people have cars have higher rates of sports participation
