Unit 1 - 7 Flashcards
Drugs in Cannabis (2)
- Delta-9 THC
- Cannabidiol (CBD)
Cannabis Pros (6)
- Relaxation
- Anxiolytic
- Anti nausea
- Seizure reduction
- Stimulate appetite
- Fight chronic pain
Cannabis Cons (3)
- Respiratory problems
- Cognitive decline
- Hyperemesis
Cannabis receptor
CB1 (brain)
CB2 (periphery)
Body’s own (endogenous) cannabis
Anandamide (AEA)
(Act on reward)
(Can be found in cocoa, reuptake inhibited by black pepper)
Stimulants definition
Push nervous system towards excited, alert state
Stimulants (4)
1.Nicotine
2.Caffeine
3.Cocaine
4.Amphetamines
Nicotine
Acetylcholine receptor; effects muscle contractions, increased heart rate and alertness
Act on ventral tegmental (reward/pleasure)
Caffeine
Blocks Adenosine receptor, drowsiness
Increase amount of ACh, dopamine, norepinephrine
Cocaine
Prevent reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopemine, norepinephrine)
Elevated heart rate, body temp., stroke, loss of gray matter
Amphetamines
Effect dopamine, norepinephrine
Increase nt release, block reuptake, inhibit nt breakdown
Stimulant and Depressant
Alcohol
Alcohol
GABA receptors, Reduce anxiety. Activates dopaminergic pathways (pleasure)
Hallucinogen
Affect serotonin is visual cortex (alter perception of things that are there)
Hallucinogens (5)
- Muscarin
- Mescaline
- Salvia divinorum
- LSD
- Psilocybin (mushrooms)
Muscarin
Acetylcholine receptors
Mescaline
Norepinephrine + serotonin receptors
Salvia divinorum
Opioid receptors
LSD
Serotonin receptors (visual cortex)
Psilocybin (mushrooms)
Serotonin receptors (visual cortex, disinhibition of emotional processing in Limbic system
How hallucinogens work: ketamine
Block NMDA receptors (glutamate receptor) (feeling of depersonalization and detachment)
How hallucinogens works: MDMA/ Ecstacy
Acts on serotonin and dopamine systems, increase hormone production (prolactin, oxytocin)(increase empathy)
Models Of Substance abuse (4)
- Moral
- Disease
- Physical dependence
- Positive reward
Moral model
Character flaw, personal weakness
Doesn’t address neurobiological roots of addiction, non scientific
Disease model
Pathological states that lead to become addicted
Genetic evidence of predisposition, doesn’t explain how addiction arises
Physical dependence model
Addicted cause of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and mental dysphoria
Not always a direct correlation between onset of withdrawal and onset of abuse
Positive reward model
Addicted to reinforce positive feelings
Most accurate
Brain areas involved in addiction (2)
- Dopaminergic pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens
- Insula
Dooaminergic pathway
Reward system, drugs = abnormally powerful rewards
Insula
Addiction, craving, pleasure
Medical interventions for substance abuse (5)
- Lessening discomfort of withdrawal and cravings
- Providing alternative to drug
- Blocking actions of drug
- Altering metabolism of drug (changing breakdown)
- Blocking brain’s reward circuitry
