Unit 1 - 5

Question 1

Soups vs Sparks experiment

Answer 1

Collecting fluid from around a slowed heartbeat and applying it to the fluid to a second heart (figuring out synapse is chemical, not electrical)

Question 2

Synaptic transmission step 1

Answer 2

Electrical signal of AP reaches axon terminal

Question 3

Synaptic transmission step 2

Answer 3

Depolarization of that wave of positive charge opens calcium channels

Question 4

Synaptic transmission step 3

Answer 4

Influx of calcium ions triggers vestibule fusion with neuronal membrane. Dumps NTs in cleft

Question 5

Synaptic transmission step 4

Answer 5

NTs bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane. Opens ion Channels creating an EPSP or IPSP, turns signal back to electrical

Question 6

Synaptic transmission step 5

Answer 6

EPSP/ IPSP spreads through dendrite and soma towards axon hillock.
If membrane potential reaches threshold, postsynaptic neuron fire own AP (starting new process)

Question 7

Synaptic transmission step 6

Answer 7

In synaptic cleft, NTs is cleared so transmittion stops

Question 8

Synaptic vesicles come from

Answer 8

Endomembrane system, Golgi apparatus

Question 9

Neurotransmitters come from

Answer 9

Enzyme made by protein at synthesis in soma

Question 10

NT Receptor Structure (5)

Answer 10

1. Extracellular side = cleft
2. Intracellular side = postsynaptic cell
3. Ligand binding site -where ligands bind
4. ligands - molecules that bind to receptor
5. Ion channels

Question 11

Agonist

Answer 11

Ligand that activates receptor

Question 12

Antagonist

Answer 12

Ligand that inhibits receptor

Question 13

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 13

Contain ion channels which open in response to NT binding

Question 14

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 14

don’t contain channels themselves but cause separate membrane channels to open

Question 15

How does transmission stop? (3)

Answer 15

Reuptake, degradation of transmitter by enzymes, receptor inactivation (ligands leave binding sites)

Question 16

NTs are made of (4)

Answer 16

1. Amino acids (protein building blocks)
2. Peptides (amino acid chains)
3. Amines (modified amino acids)
   4: gases

Question 17

Major NTs (7)

Answer 17

1. Glutamate
2. GABA
3. Acetylcholine
4. Dopamine
5. Serotonin
6. Norepinephrine
7. Opioids

Question 18

Glutamate

Answer 18

Major Excitatory nt, receptors = AMPA and NMDA, important in memory function

Question 19

GABA

Answer 19

Major inhibitory nt, GABAa = ionotropic receptors, respond to benzodiazepines, GABAb = metbotropic receptors, target for pain and mood disorders

Question 20

Acetylcholine

Answer 20

Neuromuscular junction, primary nt. Important in learning and memory

Question 21

Dopamine

Answer 21

Critical role in motor control, feelings of reward and pleasure, important for learning w/ positive reward

Question 22

Serotonin

Answer 22

Mood, vision, sexual behavior, anxiety, sleep

Question 23

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Answer 23

Nt and hormone, Alertness, mood, sexual behavior

Question 24

Opioid

Answer 24

Enkephalin and endorphins, Analgesic (painkilling) properties, reward functions

Question 25

Gases

Answer 25

NO and CO, don’t have receptors, diffuse across membranes, retrograde (go backwards)