Unit 1 - 4

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

Passive process, particles move from an area of higher concentration to a lower one

Question 2

Equilibrium

Answer 2

State of balance where particles are distributed evenly

Question 3

Semipermeable cell membrane

Answer 3

Only some things can cross, prevents harmful toxins from entering

Question 4

Ion

Answer 4

Charged atom

Question 5

Cation

Answer 5

Positively charged

Question 6

Anion

Answer 6

Negatively charged

Question 7

Positive Ions

Answer 7

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca2+)

Question 8

Negative Ions

Answer 8

Chlorine (Cl-)

Question 9

Ions concentrated inside of cell

Answer 9

K

Question 10

Ions concentrated outside of cell

Answer 10

Na and Ca (Cl)

Question 11

Electrostatic pressure

Answer 11

Force that arises from the distribution of electrical charges 

Question 12

Charge inside of cell =

Answer 12

Negative

Question 13

Resting potential

Answer 13

Potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell when one is not firing (-65mV)

Question 14

Electrochemical gradient (5)

Answer 14

1. Ion concentrations are different in and out of cell
2. Inside of cell = negative
3. Electro - ions want to move toward opposite charges
4. Chemical - ion wants to move down their concentration gradient
5. This instability results in fast changes of ion concentrations

Question 15

Depolarization

Answer 15

Inside cell is becomes more positive

Question 16

Hyper polarization

Answer 16

Inside becoming more negative

Question 17

Threshold

Answer 17

Depolarized voltage where action potential will fire

Question 18

All or none property

Answer 18

Cell with either fire action potential or not; binary choice

Question 19

Refractory period

Answer 19

Time where cell cannot fire another action potential because of sodium channel inactivation

Question 20

Action Potential Phase 1

Answer 20

Open K+ channels create resting potential

Question 21

Action Potential Phase 2

Answer 21

Depolarization (more positive) brings membrane potential closer to threshold

Question 22

Action Potential Phase 3

Answer 22

Na+ channels open, causes rapid change in polarity (action potential (massive influx of positive charge)

Question 23

Action Potential Phase 4

Answer 23

Na+ channels close, K+ channel open, hyperpolarizing cells (more negative)

Question 24

Action Potential Phase 5

Answer 24

All channels close and bring cell back to resting pontential

Question 25

Myelin Sheath

Answer 25

Fatty layer around axon, critical for propagating action potential efficiently

Question 26

Node of Ranvier

Answer 26

Break in myelin sheath (where concentrations of sodium allow positive influx charge)

Question 27

Positive charge comes from stimulus (2)

Answer 27

1. Sensory
2. Neurotransmitters releasing onto dendrites

Question 28

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)

Answer 28

Push neuron to firing threshold (causes depolarization when fired)

Question 29

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

Answer 29

Push neuron more negative, away from firing threshold (causes hyper polarization when fired)

Question 30

Spatial summation of EPSP

Answer 30

Arriving at 3 different parts of dendrite

Question 31

Temporal Summation of EPSP

Answer 31

Many EPSP arrive quickly creating an overlap through one synapse