UNIT 1 Flashcards
Kinesiology
Study of movement
Sagittal plane
Median or midsagittal
Splits body into R and L halves
Frontal plane
Coronal
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts, front and back
Transverse
Horizontal plane, upper and lower, or superior and inferior parts
Axes of movement
Right angle to plane in which movement occurs
Frontal axis
Movements in SAGITTAL plane have frontal axes
Sagittal axis
Movements in FRONAL planes have sagittal axes
Vertical axis
Movements in transverse plane occur around vertical axes
Linear movement (translatory)
Movement in relatively straight line, all parts of object move same distance in same direction at the same time
Rectilinear
Movement in straight line (Car on road, w/c on path)
Curvilinear
Curved path, skier down slope b/w flags
Angular (rotary) movement
Movement of object around fixed point traveling through an arc
All parts move through the same angle, same direction, but not the same distance
Bones at joint
Osteokinematics
Bone movements in space
Skeletal system functions
Support and shape to body, protects vital organs and body systems, manufactures blood cells
Axial
Head, thorax, and trunk
80
Appendicular
Extremities
Arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
126
Compact bone
Outer shell
Cancellous bone, spongy bone
Porous, inside of bone, resists strain and stress, makes up end of most articular bones
Diaphysis
Main shaft of bone
Medullary canal
Hollow, center of diaphysis, contains marrow
Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary canal
Epiphysis
Area of end of diaphysis, wider than shaft, growth occurs here in children
Metaphysis
Flared end of the diaphysis which supports the epiphysis
Periosteum
Membrane covering bone except articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage)
Contains nerve and blood vessels
ATTACHMENT point for tendons and ligaments
Long bones
Length greater than width, compact bone is more centralized where stress is greatest
Short bones
Usually articulate with more than one bone, cubical,
Flat bones
Tend to have curved surfaces,
Irregular
Mixed shape
Sesamoid bones
Small bones located where a tendon crosses the end of a long bone protecting the tendon from wear by creating grooves
Patella
Joints
Connection between two bones which allows movement,
Provides stability to body and bears weight of body,
Shoulder example of…
Move movement in joint= less stability
Sternoclavicular example of…
Less movement in joint= increased stability
Fibrous joints (3)
Has thin layer of periosteum between bones,
- Synarthrosis
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
Synarthrosis
Suture joint, bones interlock with little or no movement
Syndesmosis
Ligamentous, fibrous tissues holds joint together
Gomphosis
Bolted, between teeth and dental socket (only here)
Cartilaginous joint
Hyaline or fibrocartilage between two bones
Great stability with small amount of motion
Vertebrae
Synovial joint
No direct connection between bones, cavity filled with synovial fluid is contained inside capsule, outer layer strong fibrous tissue, inner layer synovial membrane, free movement
Nonaxial
Linear movement, movement in these joints occurs secondary to other movement
Uniaxial
1 direction
Biaxial
2 directions
Triaxial
Motion in all three axes, multiple directions
Ligaments
Hold bones together, do not stretch (but are flexible), prevents excessive movement of joint
Joint capsule
outer layer- fibrous tissue
inner layer- synovial membrane, secretes synovial fluid
Fribrocartilage
shock absorber, deepens joint, ex- humerus and glenoid fossa (labrym), discs, and menisci
tendon
muscle to bone
bursae
padding, under tendons and over bony prominences, reduces friction of moving parts
end feel
something you feel as you move someone through ROM
arthrokinematic
joint movement
bony
abrupt limit, bone on bone
soft tissue approximation
movement stopped by soft tissue contact
firm end feel
firm but stretchy, some give, most common
abnormal bony
hard feel where there shouldn’t be
boggy
wer or spongy, edema
muscle spasm
protective response
empty
pt. won’t let you move it 2 to pain
springy block
rebound feeling
component motions
involuntary
joint play
passive movements from applying external forces
joint mobilization and manipulation
treatment techniques
Ovoid joint
two bones connecting with convex-concave relationship
Seller
saddle shaped, each joint surface is concave one direction and convex another
Roll
1 joint surface rolls on another, heel to toe
Glide
linear joint surface movement parallel to plane of adjoining surface, skater on one foot
Spin
rotation of moveable joint surface on a fixed adjacent surface
convex-concave rule
concave surface on convex= same direction as body
convex will move on fixed concave= opposite direction as body
convex moving= opposite
concave moving= same
Closed pack position
joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other
Open pack position
maximum incongruity of joint surfaces, joint mobilization is generally done in this position because ligaments are relaxed
sprain
partial/complete of ligament
Insertion
moveable bone, usually moves toward stable bone
I- I move
Origin
stable bone, tends to be closer to trunk than insertion
origin- where people are from
Reversal of muscle action
If the insertion becomes fixed, then the origin moves toward the insertion and the insertion becomes stable
chin-up on bar
Strap muscles
long, thin, fibers run entire length
Fusiform muscles
spindle like, wider in middle and tapered at both ends
Rhomboidal
four side, flat, broad attachements
triangular
flat and fan shaped
Irritability
ability to respond to stimuli
Contractility
ability to be shortened or contract
Extensibility
ability to stretch or lengthen
Elasticity
ability to return to resting length
Excursion
distance from total elongation to total shortness
mm that crosses 1 joint
usually has sufficient excursion to allow joint through entire ROM
mm that crosses 2 joints
may not have enough excursion to allow full ROM through all joints involved, further would result in damage and tearing
Muscle tension is dependent on
length
Active insufficiency
mm runs out of ability to shorten before the joints run out of full range to move, occurs to the agonist, bend leg, butt kick example
Passive insufficiency
mm can not be elongated any further without damage, when stretching full ROM can not be reached due to length limitations of mms and tendons, touch toes
Stretching
should be performed on relaxed muscle
Tenodesis
Use principle of passive insufficiency to open and close hand, flex wrists- fingers open, extend wrist- fingers close, quadriplegics
Isometric
no joint movement
isotonic
mm contracts, mm length changes, joint angle changes
isotonic concentric
mm shortens, picking up weights
isotonic eccentric
mm appears to be lengthening, putting weights down
isokinetic
done only with special equipment, resistance varies, velocity and speech remain the same
agonist
muscle causing motion, primer mover- major role, assisting mover, contracts
antagonist
mm that performs the opposing motion of agonist, remains @ rest, elongates
co-contraction
agonist/ antagonist contract at the same time, stability, no movement
stabilizer
mm that supports and allows agonist to work, fixator
neutralizer
prevents unwanted motion
synergist
mm that works with one or more other mms
angle of pull
mody mm pull at a diagonal, results from combined vertical and horizontal forces
closed kinematic chain
distal segment of chain is fixed, proximal segment moves
open kinematic chain
distal segment moves, proximal segment remains stationary
force
measurable influences acting on a body
linear force
2+ forces act along same line
parallel force
same plane in same or opposite, third force must be present between 2 parallel forces to provide counterforce
cocurrent force
2+ forces act on a common point but pull in different directions, net effort is resultant force
force couple
2+ forces act together, but in opposite but equals direction resulting in turning
torque
rotary, ability of force to produce rotation
equilibrium
all forces are equal
center of gravity
the balance point of an object, all planes intersect
base of support
where the body is in contact with the supporting surface
axis
fixed point, is the actual joint
force
muscle that is moving
resistance
the load, the part of the body that is moving + gravity + anything being lifted
force arm
distance between the joint and mm attachment
resistance arm
length between line of resistance and axis
first class lever
Axis in middle
second class lever
Resistance in middle
third class lever
Force in middle
The longer the lever arm =
less resistance you will need to apply to get a result
pulleys
fixed, changes the direction of the force,
wheel and axle
faucet example, completing shoulder internal and external rotation
inclined plane
w/c ramp/ accessibility
