Unit 1 Flashcards
Structure of body parts and how they fit together
Anatomy
Function of organs and organ systems
Physiology
How does anatomy and physiology fit together?
The function of an organ always relates to its structure
3 subdivisions of anatomy
Gross/macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Parts visible to the naked eye
Gross/macroscopic
Study of cells
Cytology
Study of tissues
Histology
Cytology
Histology
Microscopic
Study changes the occur before birth
Embryology
Ex: embryology
Developmental
Ex: hair, nails, skin
Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesis vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
Integumentary system
Ex: bones and joints
Protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within, stores minerals
Skeletal system
Ex: skeletal muscles
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotions, and facial expression. Maintains posture. Produces heat.
Muscular system
Ex: brain, spinal cords, nerves
Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Ex: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes
Glands secrete hormones which regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells
Endocrine system
Ex: heart, blood vessels
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, H2O, etc. heart pumps blood
Cardiovascular
Ex: oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum anus
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foods are eliminated in feces
Digestive system
Ex: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, bladder
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system
Ex: reproductive organs
Production of offspring
Male and female reproductive system
Organizational levels of the human body
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cellular
Necessary life functions for humans
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
Survival needs
Nutrients O2 H2O Normal body temp Atmospheric pressure
Internal norm
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
To maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Path of homeostasis
Receptor (on skin) ➡️ control center (nervous system) ➡️ effector (response, usually muscle or hormone)
Reduces effect of stimulus
Negative feedback
Regulating body temp, changing breathing rate, blood sugar levels
Negative feedback
Increases response
Positive feedback
Labor contractions, blood clotting
Positive feedback
More negative or positive feedback?
Negative
Homeostatic imbalance results in?
Disease
Has mass
Affected by gravity
Consists of elements and compounds
Matter
Moves matter Potentials, kinetic Ability to do work Converts Sound light heat
Energy
Pure substance
Element
2+ different elements
Compound
How many elements of life are there?
25
96% of the the body is made of up the elements?
C, O, H, N
4% of the body is made up of
Trace elements
An element with different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
Strongest bonds are
Covalent
Covalent bonds share
E-
Polar bonds are
Atoms in a bond which different electronegativity
Electrons are not shared equally
Nonpolar bonds are
E- is shared equally
Second strongest bond
Ionic
2 ions (-/+) bond
Ionic
Weakest bond
Hydrogen
Hydrogen in a polar bond connects to the electronegative atom of another polar bond
Hydrogen
Point at which forward and reverse reactions offset one another exactly
Chemical equilibrium
Combining atoms/molecules to form larger, more complex molecule
Synthesis
Breaking apart molecules
Decomposition
Bonds made/broken to exchange parts
Exchange reaction
Increase the rate of reactions
Catalyst
No carbon
Small and simple
Water, salt, acid, and bases
Inorganic compounds
Contains carbon
Usually large and complex
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids
Often needed as macromolecules
Organic
Water
Polar molecule that is negative on the O2 end and positive in the H end
Similar cells with a common function
Tissues
Intercellular junctions
Tight
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Close the space between cells
Located among cells that form linings
Tight junctions
Form “spot welds” between cells
Located along outer skin cells
Desmosomes
Tubular channels between cells
Links cytoplasm of 2 cells
Located in cardiac muscle cells
Gap junctions
Covers organs and the body
Epithelial
Line body cavities
Epithelial
Line hollow organs
Epithelial
Have a free surface
Epithelial
Have a basement membrane
Epithelial
Are avascular
Epithelial
Cells readily divide
Epithelial
Cells tightly packed
Epithelial
Cells often have desmosomes
Epithelial
Function is to protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
Epithelial
Single layer of flat cells
Simple squamous
Substances pass easily through
Simple squamous
Line air sacs
Simple squamous
Line blood vessels
Simple squamous
Line lymphatic vessels
Simple squamous
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Simple cuboidal
Line kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal
Cover ovaries
Simple cuboidal
Line ducts of some glands
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of elongated cells
Simple columnar
Nuclei usually near the basement membrane at same level
Simple columnar
Sometimes possess cilia
Simple columnar
Sometimes possess microvilli
Simple columnar
Often have goblet cells
Simple columnar
Line uterus, stomach, intestines
Simple columnar
Line respiratory passageways
Psuedostratified columnar
Nuclei at two or more levels
Psuedostratified columnar
Many cell lays top cells are flat
Stratified squamous
Outer layer of skin, lines oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified squamous
2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells
Stratified cuboidal
Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
Stratified cuboidal
Elongated cellular top layer followed by cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
Stratified columnar
Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
Stratified columnar
Many layers of both cube-shaped and elongated cells
Transitional
Changes in different spots and different functions
Transitional
Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
Transitional
Most abundant tissue type
Connective tissue
Binds structures
Connective
Provides support and protection
Connective
Serve as frameworks
Connective
Fill spaces
Connective
Stores fat
Connective
Produce blood cells
Connective
Protect against infections
Connective
Help repair tissue damage
Connective
Has a matrix
Connective
Have varying degrees of vascularity
Connective
Have cells that usually divide
Connective
Connective fiber types
Collagenous
Elastic
Reticular
Thick
Collagenous
Composed of collagen
Collagenous
Great tensile strength
Collagenous
Abundant in dense CT
Collagenous
Hold structures together
Collagenous
Tendons and ligaments
Collagenous
Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
Elastic
Fibers branch
Elastic
Elastic
Elastic
Vocal cords and air passages
Elastic
Very thin Collagenous fibers
Reticular
Highly branched
Reticular
Form supportive networks
Reticular
Loose connective tissue
Proper
Reticular connective tissue
Proper
Dense CT
Proper
Elastic CT
Proper
Cartilage
Specialized CT
Bone
Specialized
Blood
Specialized
Mainly fibroblasts
Loose CT
Fluid to gel-like matrix
Loose CT
Collagenous fibers
Loose CT
Elastic fibers
Loose CT
Bind skin to structures
Loose CT
Beneath most epithelia
Loose CT
Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells
Loose CT
Between muscles
Loose CT
Adipocytes
Adipose
Cushions
Adipose
Insulates
Adipose
Store fats
Adipose
Beneath skin
Adipose
Behind eyeballs
Adipose
Around kidneys and heart
Adipose
Composed of reticular fibers
Reticular CT
Supports internal organ walls
Reticular CT
Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
Reticular CT
Packed Collagenous fibers
Dense CT
Elastic fibers
Dense CT
Few fibroblasts
Dense CT
Bond body parts together
Dense CT
Tendons, ligaments, dermis
Dense CT
Poor blood supply
Dense CT
Abundant in elastic fibers
Elastic CT
Some Collagenous fibers
Elastic CT
Fibroblasts
Elastic CT
Attachments between bones
Elastic
Walls of arteries, airways, heart
Elastic
Solid matrix
Bone
Supports
Bone
Protects
Bone
Forms blood cells
Bone
Attachment for muscles
Bone
Skeleton
Bone
Osteocytes in lacunae
Bone
Rigid matrix
Cartilage
Chondrocytes in lacunae
Cartilage
Poor blood supply
Cartilage
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Most abundant cartilage
Hyaline
Ends of bones
Hyaline
Nose, respiratory passages
Hyaline
Embryonic skeleton
Hyaline
Flexible
Elastic cartilage
External ear, larynx
Elastic cartilage
Very tough
Fibrocartilage
Shock absorber
Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
Pads of knee and pelvic girdle
Fibrocartilage
Fluid matrix called plasma
Blood
Red blood cells
Blood
White blood cells
Blood
Platelets
Blood
Transports
Blood
Defends
Blood
Defends
Blood
Involved in clotting
Blood
Throughout the body in blood vessels
Blood
Heart
Blood
Contractile
Muscles
Three muscle types
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Attached to bones
Skeletal
Striated
Skeletal
Voluntary
Skeletal
Walls of organs
Smooth
Skin
Smooth
Walls of blood vessels
Smooth
Involuntary
Smooth
Non-striated
Smooth
Heart wall
Cardiac
Involuntary
Cardiac
Striated
Cardiac
Intercalated discs
Cardiac
Found in brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Nervous
Functional cells are neurons
Nervous
Neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components
Nervous
Sensory reception
Nervous
Conduction of nerve impulses
Nervous
