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A & P > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic muscle types

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What is different about muscle cells?

A

They’re elongated

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3
Q

Muscle cells are known as

A

Muscle fibers

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4
Q

Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of

A

Microfilaments

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5
Q

Prefix myo refers to

A

Muscle

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6
Q

Prefix mys refers to

A

Muscle

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7
Q

Prefix sarco refers to

A

Flesh

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8
Q

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by?

A

Tendons

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9
Q

How many nucleus do skeletal muscle cells have?

A

They are multinucleate

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10
Q

Are skeletal muscles straited?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What does it mean to be straited?

A

To have visible banding

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12
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What does it mean when a muscle is voluntary?

A

It is subject to conscious control

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14
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells surrounded and bundled by?

A

Connective tissue

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15
Q

What is the connective tissue which wraps around a single skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

What is the connective tissue which wraps are a fascicle (bundle) of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Perimysium

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue which covers the entire skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

The connective tissue on the outside of the epimysium

A

Fascia

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19
Q

What connective tissue wrapping blends into a connective tissue attachment

A

Epimysium

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20
Q

Cord-like structure

Connective tissue attachment

A

Tendon

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21
Q

Sheet-like structure

Connective tissue attachment

A

Aponeuroses

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22
Q

Sites of muscle attachments

A

Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings

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23
Q

How much striation to smooth muscles exhibit?

A

None

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24
Q

What is the cell shape of smooth muscles?

A

Spindle-shaped

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25
Q

How many nucleus do cells of smooth muscle contain?

A

One

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26
Q

Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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27
Q

A muscle with no conscious control is

A

Involuntary

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28
Q

Where are smooth muscles mainly found?

A

The walls of hollow organs

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29
Q

Do cardiac muscles have striations?

A

Yes

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30
Q

How many nucleus do cardiac muscles have?

A

Usually one

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31
Q

Where are cardiac muscle cells joined?

A

Intercalated disc

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32
Q

Cardiac muscles are involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

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33
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

The heart only

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34
Q

Functions of muscles

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

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35
Q

Where are nuclei located in skeletal muscle cells?

A

Sacrolemma

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36
Q

Specialized plasma membrane

A

Sacrolemma

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37
Q

Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

Bundles of myofilaments

A

Myofibrils

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39
Q

What is aligned to give muscles distinct bands?

A

Myofibrils

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40
Q

The light band of striated muscle is the

A

I band

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41
Q

The dark band of striated muscles is the

A

A band

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42
Q

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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43
Q

Thick filaments =

A

Myosin filaments

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44
Q

What are myosin filaments composed of?

A

The protein myosin

45
Q

What do myosin fibrils contain?

A

ATPase enzymes

46
Q

Thin filaments =

A

Actin filaments

47
Q

What are actin filaments composed of?

A

The protein actin

48
Q

Which filaments have heads?

A

Myosin

49
Q

Examples of myosin filament heads

A

Extensions

Cross bridges

50
Q

Do myosin and actin overlap?

A

Somewhat

51
Q

What types of body movements are muscles responsible for?

A

All of them

52
Q

At rest, what does the bare zone lack?

A

Actin filaments

53
Q

What does the sacroplasmic reticulum (SR) store?

A

Calcium

54
Q

Ability to receive and respond to stimulus

A

Irritability

55
Q

Ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

A

Contractility

56
Q

What needs to stimulate skeletal muscles in order for them to contract?

A

Nerves

57
Q

A motor unit is composed of

A

One neuron

The muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

58
Q

Association sure of nerve and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junctions

59
Q

Gap between nerve and muscle

A

Synaptic cleft

60
Q

How much contact is there in a synaptic cleft?

A

None

61
Q

In a synaptic cleft, what is the area between the nerve and muscle filled with?

A

Interstitial fluid

62
Q

Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse

A

Neurotransmitter

63
Q

The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is

A

Acetylcholine

64
Q

Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors of the

A

Sacrolemma

65
Q

During transmission of nerve impulses the sacrolemma becomes permeable to

A

Sodium

66
Q

What does sodium rushing into a cell generate?

A

Actin potential

67
Q

Can muscle contraction be stopped after being started?

A

No

68
Q

In the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction activation by nerve causes ____ to attach to binding site on the ____

A

Myosin heads

Thin filaments

69
Q

In the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, a continuation of action causes what of myosin along the actin?

A

Sliding

70
Q

What is the result of the sliding filament theory?

A

The muscle is shortened/contracted

71
Q

Muscle fiber contraction is

A

“All or none”

72
Q

Not all skeletal muscle fibers may be ____ durning the same ____

A

Stimulated

Interval

73
Q

What muscle fiber contractions five different responses?

A

Different combinations

74
Q

Different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

A

Graded responses

75
Q

Single, brief contraction

Not a normal muscle function

A

Twitch

76
Q

One contraction is immediately followed by another

A

Tetanus

77
Q

The muscle does not completely return to a resting state

A

Tetanus

78
Q

Summing of contractions

A

Tetanus

79
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

Unfused

80
Q

Some relaxations occurs between contractions

A

Unfused

81
Q

Results are summed

A

Unfused

82
Q

Complete tetanus

A

Fused

83
Q

No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions

A

Fused

84
Q

The result is a sustained muscle contraction

A

Fused

85
Q

Muscle force depends on

A

Number of fibers stimulated

86
Q

More fibers contracting results in

A

Greater muscle tension

87
Q

Muscles can continue to contract unless

A

They run out of energy

88
Q

What do muscles initially use for energy?

A

Stored ATP

89
Q

How is energy from ATP released?

A

Bonds are broken

90
Q

How much ATP is stored by muscles?

A

About 4-6 seconds worth

91
Q

After the initial use of ATP, what must be utilized to produce ATP?

A

Other pathways

92
Q

Energy for muscle contraction comes from what?

A

Direct phosphorylation

93
Q

Muscle cells contain

A

Creatine phosphate
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic glycolysis

94
Q

High-energy molecule

A

CP

95
Q

After ATP is depleted, what is left?

A

ADP

96
Q

CP transfers energy to

A

ADP

97
Q

Why does CP transfer energy to ADP?

A

To regenerate ATP

98
Q

Series of metabolic pathways that occur in the

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

What is broken down to CO2 and H2O, to release energy?

A

Glucose

100
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis reactions breakdown glucose without

A

Oxygen

101
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down to ____ to produce some ____

A

Pyruvic acid

ATP

102
Q

Which energy reaction is efficient but not fast?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

103
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, huge amounts of what are needed?

A

Glucose

104
Q

Lactic acid produces

A

Muscle fatigue

105
Q

When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to

A

Contract

106
Q

What is the most common reason for muscle fatigue?

A

Oxygen debt

107
Q

How can oxygen debt be removed?

A

Oxygen must be “repaid”

108
Q

Oxygen is required to get rid of

A

Lactic acid

109
Q

Increasing acidity and lack of ATP causes muscles to contract

A

Less

A & P (7 decks)

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