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A & P > A&P 2 Test 4 > Flashcards

A&P 2 Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

To be in balances the quantities of ___ and ___ that ___ the body should be ____ to the amounts ___

A

fluids and electrolytes
leave
equal
taken in

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2
Q

Molecules that release ions in water

A

electrolytes

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3
Q

Anything that alters the concentrations of electrolytes will also alter ___ and vice versa

A

the concentration of water

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4
Q

What are the two types of compartments for fluids?

A

Intracellular

Extracellular

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5
Q

The movement of what between compartments are regulated?

A

Water and electrolytes

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6
Q

The average adult female is ____ water by weight

A

52%

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7
Q

The average male is ___ water by weight

A

63%

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8
Q

What is the difference between male and female percent water by weight due to?

A

Female’s additional adipose tissue

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9
Q

A burst of hormones activating maturation of the gonads/testes

A

Male puberty

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10
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

Begins 9-14 years of age

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11
Q

Precocious puberty

A

Abnormally early puberty

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12
Q

Eunuchoidism

A

Delayed puberty

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13
Q

What are the 6 main physical changes which occur during puberty?

A
  1. Enlargement of external and internal genitalia
  2. Voice changes
  3. Hair growth
  4. Mental changes
  5. Changes in body conformation and skin
  6. Sebaceous gland secretions thicken/increase
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14
Q

What is a result of the increase and thickening of sebaceous gland secretions?

A

Acne

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15
Q

What is another term for gonads?

A

Testes

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16
Q

What are the three parts of male external genitalia?

A

Gonads
Scrotum
Penis

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17
Q

Cryptorchidsim

A

Undescended testes by birth

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18
Q

Describe structure of testes

A

Oval structure about 5-3 cm in diameter

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19
Q

What are testes cover by?

A

Tunica albuginea

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20
Q

Where are testes located?

A

Scrotum

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21
Q

How many lobules does each testis include?

A

250

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22
Q

How many tubules does each lobule contain?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules which converge to form a single straight tubule

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23
Q

Where does the convergent of seminiferous tubules lead?

A

Rete testis

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24
Q

What ducts exit each testes?

A

Short efferent ducts

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25
Q

Cells of Leydig

A

Intersitial cells which produce male sex hormones

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26
Q

Where are cells of Leydig located?

A

Between the seminiferous tubules within a lobule

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27
Q

Structural unit of testes

A

Lobule

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28
Q

What makes up the scrotum?

A

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

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29
Q

What divides the scrotum into two parts?

A

Vertical septum

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30
Q

Each side of the scrotum contains ___ testis

A

1

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31
Q

What gives the scrotum is wrinkled appearance?

A

Smooth muscle fibers, dartos muscle, in the subcutaneous tissue contract

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32
Q

What happens when the dartos muscle relaxes?

A

Scrotum appears smooth

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33
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Smooth muscle fibers of the scrotum

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34
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Skeletal muscle of the scrotum

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35
Q

What controls the position of the scrotum and testes?

A

Cremaster muscle

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36
Q

What occurs when a man is cold or sexually aroused

A

Cremaster contracts and pulls the testes closer to the body for warmth

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37
Q

Epididymis

A

A long tube located along the superior and posterior margins of the testes

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38
Q

Are sperm leaving the testes mature and ready to fertilize ova?

A

No

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39
Q

Where do sperm finish maturation and become fertile?

A

While moving through to epididymus

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40
Q

Where are mature sperm stored?

A

In the lower portion/tail of the epidiymis

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41
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A 
Proximal ductus deferens 
testicular artery and veins
lymph vessels
testicular nerve
cremaster muscle
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42
Q

How is the spermatic cord covered?

A

Connective tissue

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43
Q

Sperm cells travel through a series of ___ to get outside of the body

A

ducts

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44
Q

Explain the path of sperm after leaving the testes

A

Epididymis>ductus deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra

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45
Q

A fibromuscular tube that is continuous with the epididymis

A

Ductus deferens/Vas deferens

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46
Q

What is the path of the vas deferens?

A

enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal and passes along the lateral pelvic wall, behind bladder & toward the prostate gland

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47
Q

What happens to the vas deferens right before it enters the prostate gland?

A

Enlarges to form and ampulla

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48
Q

Where is sperm stored in the ductus deferens?

A

In the proximal portion near the epididymis

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49
Q

The apulla joins the vas differens to form a adjacent seminal vesicle which forms

A

a short ejaculatory duct

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50
Q

Each ejaculatory duct passes through the ____ and empties into the ____

A

Prostate gland

Urethra

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51
Q

The urethra extends from the ___ to the ____ at the ___

A

Urinary bladder
External Urethral orifice
Tip of the penis

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52
Q

The passageway for sperm and fluids from the reproductive system and urine from the urinary system

A

Urethra

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53
Q

Three regions of the urethra

A

Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Penile Urethra/spongy/cavernous urethra

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54
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral glands

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55
Q

What do accessory glands do?

A

Secrete fluids that enter the urethra

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56
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior to the urinary bladder

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57
Q

What is the fluid that leaves the seminal vesicles?

A

Viscous and contains fructose, prostaglandins and proteins

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58
Q

Describe the prostate

A

A firm, dense structure about the size of a walnut

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59
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Inferior to the urinary bladder and encircles the urethra as it leaves the urinary bladder

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60
Q

What are the secretions from the prostate gland like?

A

Thin, milky colored, and alkaline

Enhance the motility of the sperm

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61
Q

Describe the bulbourethral/Cowper’s Glands

A

Small, about the size of a pea

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62
Q

Where are Cowper’s Glands located

A

Near the base of the penis attaching to the proximal end of the penile urethra by a short duct

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63
Q

What are the secretions of Cowper’s Glands like?

A

Alkaline mucus-like fluid

In response to sexual stimulation

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64
Q

A slightly alkaline mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands

A

Seminal Fluid/semen

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65
Q

Secretions from the Seminal Vesicles make up about ____ of the volume of semen

A

60%

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66
Q

____ of semen come from the prostate

A

40%

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67
Q

Volume of semen in a single ejaculation

A

1.5-6.0 ml

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68
Q

Sperm per mililiter

A

50-150 million

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69
Q

Sperm count which indicate fertility problems

A

10-20 million per mililiter

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70
Q

A cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to the scrotum and functions to transfer sperm to the vagina

A

Penis

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71
Q

The penis consists of ___ columns of ___ ___ that are wrapped in ___ and cover with ___

A

Three
Erectile tissue
Connective tissue
Skin

72
Q

Two dorsal columns of the penis

A

corpora cavernosa

73
Q

The single midline ventral column surrounds the urethra

A

Corpus spongiosum

74
Q

Three parts of the penis

A

Root
Body/shaft
Glans penis

75
Q

The root of the penis attaches to….

A

The pubic arch

76
Q

Visible portion of the penis

Pendant portion

A

Body/Shaft

77
Q

Corpus spongiosum expances at the distal end to form

A

Glans penis

78
Q

Increase in length, width and firmness of the penis

A

Erection

79
Q

What contributes to changes in blood supply during an erection?

A

Arterioles dilate

Veins constrict

80
Q

During erection ____ fills with blood

A

Spongy erectile tissue

81
Q

Impotence/ inability to form erection

A

ED

82
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulation hormone

83
Q

FSH stimulates

A

spermatogenesis

84
Q

ICSH

A

Interstitial Cell Stimulation Hormone

85
Q

ICSH stimulates

A

the production of testosterone

86
Q

Testosterone stimulates

A

the development of male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis

87
Q

Sperm are produced within the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

88
Q

Sustentacular cells that support and nourish other cells

A

Sertoli’s cells

89
Q

Primoridal germ cells enter the testes and differentiate into spermatogonia

A

Early in embryonic develpment

90
Q

Spermatogonia are

A

Diploid cells

91
Q

Hormones stimulate spermatogonia to begin dividing by mitosis

A

At puberty

92
Q

Other spermatogonia become

A

Primary spermatocytes

93
Q

Meiosis 1 produces ___ secondary spermatocytes

A

2

94
Q

In Meiosis 2 produces ___ spermatids

A

2

95
Q

After two meiotic division each spermatocyte produces

A

4 spermatids

96
Q

Each spermatid has __ chromosomes

A

23

97
Q

Characteristics of a mature sperm cells

A

head
mid-piece
Tail

98
Q

Acrosome

A

Pocket filled with enzymes

99
Q

Enzymes of the acrosome can

A

Break down the outer layer of the egg

100
Q

Burst of hormones that activate maturation of the ovaries in females

A

Puberty

101
Q

When does puberty begin in females?

A

8-13

102
Q

What happens to females during puberty?

A

Produce sex hormones
Produce functioning gamates/ova
Support and protect developing embryo

103
Q

What physical changes to females experience at puberty?

A

Axillary and pubic hair growth
Changes in body conformation (wider hips/breast development)
Onset of first menstrual period
Mental changes

104
Q

What are the major organs of the female productive system?

A 
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Accessory glands
External genitalia
Breasts
105
Q

Organ the size and shape of an almond, slightly smaller after menopause

A

Ovaries

106
Q

Site of egg production

A

Ovaries

107
Q

Females are born with a ____ of eggs

A

Lifetime supply

108
Q

Other than eggs what do ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

109
Q

When a girl becomes sexually mature, what happens to primary oocytes and how often?

A

Oocytes recommence their development one at a time, once a month

This is called oogenesis

110
Q

What occurs during oogenesis?

A

Primary oocyte grows larger and completes meiosis I this forms a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body which has a little more than one set of chromosomes

111
Q

What is the polar body and secondary oocytes participation in meiosis II?

A

Polar body does not go on to meiosis II but the secondary oocyte does until the metaphase portion then stops

112
Q

When does the entire meiosis II occur?

A

After fertilization

113
Q

Describe the fallopian/uterine tubes

A

stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length
range in width from about one inch at the end next to the ovary, to the diameter of a strand of thin spaghetti

114
Q

What are the feather like ends of the fallopian tubes called?

A

frimbria

115
Q

What lines the fimbria and interior walls of the fallopian tubes?

A

hair-like cilia

116
Q

what is the function of cilia in the fallopian tubes?

A

The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity

117
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

Fallopian tubes

118
Q

Describe the uterus

A

pear-shaped muscular organ in the upper female reproductive tract.

119
Q

Where does pregnancy occur?

A

Upper portion of the uterus AKA fundus

120
Q

What is the lower portion of the uterus and what is it’s function?

A

cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby

121
Q

How much can the uterus expand?

A

10 to 20 times its size during pregnancy

122
Q

What is the outer part of the uterus made out of?

A

firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium)

123
Q

What is the inner part of the uterus made out of?

A

an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium)

124
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

A

Thickens to allow for implantation of a fertilized egg

125
Q

When does pregnancy occur?

A

When the fertilized egg implants successfully into the endometrial lining

126
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

A

The endometrium sloughs off and is expelled as menstrual flow

127
Q

What is the functional zone of the endometrium?

A

layer closest to the cavity – contains majority of glands. Thicker portion – undergoes changes with monthly cycle

128
Q

What is the basal zone of the endometrium?

A

layer just under myometrium, attaches functional layer to myometrial tissue, has terminal ends of glands. Remains constant

129
Q

What are the uterine arteries?

A

Arcuate
Radial
Straight
Spinal

130
Q

Uterine artery that encircles the endometrium

A

Arcuate artery

131
Q

Uterine artery that connects the arcuate artery to the straight artery

A

Raidal

132
Q

Uterine artery that delivers blood to basilar zone

A

Straight

133
Q

Uterine artery that delivers blood to functional zone

A

Spiral

134
Q

Describe the location of the cervix?

A

Lower portion or “neck” of the uterus

135
Q

The cervix is lined with….

A

Mucus

136
Q

What controls the quality/quantity of cervical mucus?

A

Monthly fluctuations in the levels of estrogen and progesterone

137
Q

What happens to cervical mucus when estrogen levels are low?

A

the mucus tends to be thick and sparse, hindering sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes

138
Q

What happens to cervical mucus when estrogen levels are high?

A

when an egg is ready for fertilization

the mucus then becomes thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm

139
Q

At the end of pregnancy, what happens to the cervix?

A

cervix acts as the passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina

140
Q

The cervical canal expands roughly….

A

roughly 50 times its normal width in order to accommodate the passage of the baby during birth

141
Q

Vagina =

A

Sheath

142
Q

A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external gential to the urterus

A

Vagina

143
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A

two-way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse and roughly nine months later, serving as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world

144
Q

Female external genitalia which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum

A

Vulva

145
Q

Female external genitalia which is the V-shaped area covered with hair

A

Mons pubis/Mound of Venus

146
Q

Female external genitalia which are the part around the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands)

A

Labia majora/”greater lips”

147
Q

Helps with female lubrication during intercourse

A

Bartholin’s glands

148
Q

Female external genitalia which are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris

A

Labia minora/”lesser lips”

149
Q

Female external genitalia which is a small pea-shaped structure (equivalent to penis in males ) It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females.

A

Clitoris

150
Q

Passageway for urine below the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina

A

Urethral orifice/external urinary opening

151
Q

Thin cresentic fold of tissue which partially covers the opening of the vagina

A

Hymen

152
Q

Are mammary glands present in only females?

A

No both sexes

153
Q

Mammary glands =

A

Breasts

154
Q

Developmentally what are mammary glands derived from?

A

Sweat glands

155
Q

Mammary glands are contained within….

A

rounded skin-covered breast anterior to the pectoral muscles of the thorax

156
Q

What is slightly below the center of each breast and what is it surrounding?

A

a ring of pigmented skin, the areola - this surrounds a central protruding nipple

157
Q

What do breasts consist of internally?

A

15 to 25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple

158
Q

Each lobe of the breast is composed of …..

A

Lobules

159
Q

What do lobules in breasts contain?

A

Alveoli which produce milk when a women is lactating

160
Q

What is the structure of non-pregnant women like?

A

glandular structure is undeveloped - hence breast size is largely due to the amount of fat deposits

161
Q

What are the important glands in female reproduction?

A

Lesser vestibular

Great vestibular

162
Q

Where is the lesser vestibular gland located?

A

upper wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening

163
Q

What is the function of the lesser vestibular gland?

A

mucus production to aid lubrication during intercourse

164
Q

What is another name for the lesser vestibular gland?

A

Paraurethral or Skene’s gland

165
Q

Where is the greater vestibular gland located?

A

slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina

166
Q

What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?

A

secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused

167
Q

What is another name for greater vestibular glands?

A

Bartholin’s

168
Q

What are the female hormones that control the cyclic growth and shedding of the endometrium?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

169
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone produces?

A

The ovaries

170
Q

What does estrogen cause during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle?

A

Growth and proliferation of the endometrium

171
Q

What does the ovaries produce after ovulation?

A

Progesterone

172
Q

Timing of ovulation varies with what?

A

The length of a woman’s menstrual cycle

173
Q

In an average 28 day cycle when does an LH surge usually occur? When does ovulation occur?

A

LH surge usually occurs between cycle days 11-13 and ovulation follows about 36-48 hours later, on or close to cycle day 14

174
Q

How does menstrual length effect ovulation time?

A

Women with shorter menstrual cycle lengths tend to ovulate earlier and women with longer cycle lengths tend to ovulate later than cycle day 14

175
Q

Does variation in menstrual cycle length effect the onset of menstrual period after ovulation?

A

No, usually occurs 2 weeks after

176
Q

Ovulation calenders need to take in account…

A

shortest and longest cycle lengths

A & P (7 decks)

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