A&P 2 Test 4 Flashcards
1
Q
To be in balances the quantities of ___ and ___ that ___ the body should be ____ to the amounts ___
A
fluids and electrolytes
leave
equal
taken in
2
Q
Molecules that release ions in water
A
electrolytes
3
Q
Anything that alters the concentrations of electrolytes will also alter ___ and vice versa
A
the concentration of water
4
Q
What are the two types of compartments for fluids?
A
Intracellular
Extracellular
5
Q
The movement of what between compartments are regulated?
A
Water and electrolytes
6
Q
The average adult female is ____ water by weight
A
52%
7
Q
The average male is ___ water by weight
A
63%
8
Q
What is the difference between male and female percent water by weight due to?
A
Female’s additional adipose tissue
9
Q
A burst of hormones activating maturation of the gonads/testes
A
Male puberty
10
Q
When does puberty occur?
A
Begins 9-14 years of age
11
Q
Precocious puberty
A
Abnormally early puberty
12
Q
Eunuchoidism
A
Delayed puberty
13
Q
What are the 6 main physical changes which occur during puberty?
A
- Enlargement of external and internal genitalia
- Voice changes
- Hair growth
- Mental changes
- Changes in body conformation and skin
- Sebaceous gland secretions thicken/increase
14
Q
What is a result of the increase and thickening of sebaceous gland secretions?
A
Acne
15
Q
What is another term for gonads?
A
Testes
16
Q
What are the three parts of male external genitalia?
A
Gonads
Scrotum
Penis
17
Q
Cryptorchidsim
A
Undescended testes by birth
18
Q
Describe structure of testes
A
Oval structure about 5-3 cm in diameter
19
Q
What are testes cover by?
A
Tunica albuginea
20
Q
Where are testes located?
A
Scrotum
21
Q
How many lobules does each testis include?
A
250
22
Q
How many tubules does each lobule contain?
A
1-4 seminiferous tubules which converge to form a single straight tubule
23
Q
Where does the convergent of seminiferous tubules lead?
A
Rete testis
24
Q
What ducts exit each testes?
A
Short efferent ducts
25
Cells of Leydig
Intersitial cells which produce male sex hormones
26
Where are cells of Leydig located?
Between the seminiferous tubules within a lobule
27
Structural unit of testes
Lobule
28
What makes up the scrotum?
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
29
What divides the scrotum into two parts?
Vertical septum
30
Each side of the scrotum contains ___ testis
1
31
What gives the scrotum is wrinkled appearance?
Smooth muscle fibers, dartos muscle, in the subcutaneous tissue contract
32
What happens when the dartos muscle relaxes?
Scrotum appears smooth
33
Dartos muscle
Smooth muscle fibers of the scrotum
34
Cremaster muscle
Skeletal muscle of the scrotum
35
What controls the position of the scrotum and testes?
Cremaster muscle
36
What occurs when a man is cold or sexually aroused
Cremaster contracts and pulls the testes closer to the body for warmth
37
Epididymis
A long tube located along the superior and posterior margins of the testes
38
Are sperm leaving the testes mature and ready to fertilize ova?
No
39
Where do sperm finish maturation and become fertile?
While moving through to epididymus
40
Where are mature sperm stored?
In the lower portion/tail of the epidiymis
41
What does the spermatic cord contain?
```
Proximal ductus deferens
testicular artery and veins
lymph vessels
testicular nerve
cremaster muscle
```
42
How is the spermatic cord covered?
Connective tissue
43
Sperm cells travel through a series of ___ to get outside of the body
ducts
44
Explain the path of sperm after leaving the testes
Epididymis>ductus deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra
45
A fibromuscular tube that is continuous with the epididymis
Ductus deferens/Vas deferens
46
What is the path of the vas deferens?
enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal and passes along the lateral pelvic wall, behind bladder & toward the prostate gland
47
What happens to the vas deferens right before it enters the prostate gland?
Enlarges to form and ampulla
48
Where is sperm stored in the ductus deferens?
In the proximal portion near the epididymis
49
The apulla joins the vas differens to form a adjacent seminal vesicle which forms
a short ejaculatory duct
50
Each ejaculatory duct passes through the ____ and empties into the ____
Prostate gland
| Urethra
51
The urethra extends from the ___ to the ____ at the ___
Urinary bladder
External Urethral orifice
Tip of the penis
52
The passageway for sperm and fluids from the reproductive system and urine from the urinary system
Urethra
53
Three regions of the urethra
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Penile Urethra/spongy/cavernous urethra
54
What are the accessory glands?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral glands
55
What do accessory glands do?
Secrete fluids that enter the urethra
56
Where are seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to the urinary bladder
57
What is the fluid that leaves the seminal vesicles?
Viscous and contains fructose, prostaglandins and proteins
58
Describe the prostate
A firm, dense structure about the size of a walnut
59
Where is the prostate located?
Inferior to the urinary bladder and encircles the urethra as it leaves the urinary bladder
60
What are the secretions from the prostate gland like?
Thin, milky colored, and alkaline
| Enhance the motility of the sperm
61
Describe the bulbourethral/Cowper's Glands
Small, about the size of a pea
62
Where are Cowper's Glands located
Near the base of the penis attaching to the proximal end of the penile urethra by a short duct
63
What are the secretions of Cowper's Glands like?
Alkaline mucus-like fluid
| In response to sexual stimulation
64
A slightly alkaline mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands
Seminal Fluid/semen
65
Secretions from the Seminal Vesicles make up about ____ of the volume of semen
60%
66
____ of semen come from the prostate
40%
67
Volume of semen in a single ejaculation
1.5-6.0 ml
68
Sperm per mililiter
50-150 million
69
Sperm count which indicate fertility problems
10-20 million per mililiter
70
A cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to the scrotum and functions to transfer sperm to the vagina
Penis
71
The penis consists of ___ columns of ___ ___ that are wrapped in ___ and cover with ___
Three
Erectile tissue
Connective tissue
Skin
72
Two dorsal columns of the penis
corpora cavernosa
73
The single midline ventral column surrounds the urethra
Corpus spongiosum
74
Three parts of the penis
Root
Body/shaft
Glans penis
75
The root of the penis attaches to....
The pubic arch
76
Visible portion of the penis
| Pendant portion
Body/Shaft
77
Corpus spongiosum expances at the distal end to form
Glans penis
78
Increase in length, width and firmness of the penis
Erection
79
What contributes to changes in blood supply during an erection?
Arterioles dilate
| Veins constrict
80
During erection ____ fills with blood
Spongy erectile tissue
81
Impotence/ inability to form erection
ED
82
FSH
Follicle-stimulation hormone
83
FSH stimulates
spermatogenesis
84
ICSH
Interstitial Cell Stimulation Hormone
85
ICSH stimulates
the production of testosterone
86
Testosterone stimulates
the development of male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis
87
Sperm are produced within the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
88
Sustentacular cells that support and nourish other cells
Sertoli's cells
89
Primoridal germ cells enter the testes and differentiate into spermatogonia
Early in embryonic develpment
90
Spermatogonia are
Diploid cells
91
Hormones stimulate spermatogonia to begin dividing by mitosis
At puberty
92
Other spermatogonia become
Primary spermatocytes
93
Meiosis 1 produces ___ secondary spermatocytes
2
94
In Meiosis 2 produces ___ spermatids
2
95
After two meiotic division each spermatocyte produces
4 spermatids
96
Each spermatid has __ chromosomes
23
97
Characteristics of a mature sperm cells
head
mid-piece
Tail
98
Acrosome
Pocket filled with enzymes
99
Enzymes of the acrosome can
Break down the outer layer of the egg
100
Burst of hormones that activate maturation of the ovaries in females
Puberty
101
When does puberty begin in females?
8-13
102
What happens to females during puberty?
Produce sex hormones
Produce functioning gamates/ova
Support and protect developing embryo
103
What physical changes to females experience at puberty?
Axillary and pubic hair growth
Changes in body conformation (wider hips/breast development)
Onset of first menstrual period
Mental changes
104
What are the major organs of the female productive system?
```
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Accessory glands
External genitalia
Breasts
```
105
Organ the size and shape of an almond, slightly smaller after menopause
Ovaries
106
Site of egg production
Ovaries
107
Females are born with a ____ of eggs
Lifetime supply
108
Other than eggs what do ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
109
When a girl becomes sexually mature, what happens to primary oocytes and how often?
Oocytes recommence their development one at a time, once a month
This is called oogenesis
110
What occurs during oogenesis?
Primary oocyte grows larger and completes meiosis I this forms a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body which has a little more than one set of chromosomes
111
What is the polar body and secondary oocytes participation in meiosis II?
Polar body does not go on to meiosis II but the secondary oocyte does until the metaphase portion then stops
112
When does the entire meiosis II occur?
After fertilization
113
Describe the fallopian/uterine tubes
stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length
range in width from about one inch at the end next to the ovary, to the diameter of a strand of thin spaghetti
114
What are the feather like ends of the fallopian tubes called?
frimbria
115
What lines the fimbria and interior walls of the fallopian tubes?
hair-like cilia
116
what is the function of cilia in the fallopian tubes?
The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity
117
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Fallopian tubes
118
Describe the uterus
pear-shaped muscular organ in the upper female reproductive tract.
119
Where does pregnancy occur?
Upper portion of the uterus AKA fundus
120
What is the lower portion of the uterus and what is it's function?
cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby
121
How much can the uterus expand?
10 to 20 times its size during pregnancy
122
What is the outer part of the uterus made out of?
firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium)
123
What is the inner part of the uterus made out of?
an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium)
124
What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
Thickens to allow for implantation of a fertilized egg
125
When does pregnancy occur?
When the fertilized egg implants successfully into the endometrial lining
126
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
The endometrium sloughs off and is expelled as menstrual flow
127
What is the functional zone of the endometrium?
layer closest to the cavity – contains majority of glands. Thicker portion – undergoes changes with monthly cycle
128
What is the basal zone of the endometrium?
layer just under myometrium, attaches functional layer to myometrial tissue, has terminal ends of glands. Remains constant
129
What are the uterine arteries?
Arcuate
Radial
Straight
Spinal
130
Uterine artery that encircles the endometrium
Arcuate artery
131
Uterine artery that connects the arcuate artery to the straight artery
Raidal
132
Uterine artery that delivers blood to basilar zone
Straight
133
Uterine artery that delivers blood to functional zone
Spiral
134
Describe the location of the cervix?
Lower portion or "neck" of the uterus
135
The cervix is lined with....
Mucus
136
What controls the quality/quantity of cervical mucus?
Monthly fluctuations in the levels of estrogen and progesterone
137
What happens to cervical mucus when estrogen levels are low?
the mucus tends to be thick and sparse, hindering sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes
138
What happens to cervical mucus when estrogen levels are high?
when an egg is ready for fertilization
| the mucus then becomes thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm
139
At the end of pregnancy, what happens to the cervix?
cervix acts as the passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina
140
The cervical canal expands roughly....
roughly 50 times its normal width in order to accommodate the passage of the baby during birth
141
Vagina =
Sheath
142
A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external gential to the urterus
Vagina
143
What are the functions of the vagina?
two-way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse and roughly nine months later, serving as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world
144
Female external genitalia which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum
Vulva
145
Female external genitalia which is the V-shaped area covered with hair
Mons pubis/Mound of Venus
146
Female external genitalia which are the part around the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands)
Labia majora/"greater lips"
147
Helps with female lubrication during intercourse
Bartholin's glands
148
Female external genitalia which are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris
Labia minora/"lesser lips"
149
Female external genitalia which is a small pea-shaped structure (equivalent to penis in males ) It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females.
Clitoris
150
Passageway for urine below the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina
Urethral orifice/external urinary opening
151
Thin cresentic fold of tissue which partially covers the opening of the vagina
Hymen
152
Are mammary glands present in only females?
No both sexes
153
Mammary glands =
Breasts
154
Developmentally what are mammary glands derived from?
Sweat glands
155
Mammary glands are contained within....
rounded skin-covered breast anterior to the pectoral muscles of the thorax
156
What is slightly below the center of each breast and what is it surrounding?
a ring of pigmented skin, the areola - this surrounds a central protruding nipple
157
What do breasts consist of internally?
15 to 25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple
158
Each lobe of the breast is composed of .....
Lobules
159
What do lobules in breasts contain?
Alveoli which produce milk when a women is lactating
160
What is the structure of non-pregnant women like?
glandular structure is undeveloped - hence breast size is largely due to the amount of fat deposits
161
What are the important glands in female reproduction?
Lesser vestibular
| Great vestibular
162
Where is the lesser vestibular gland located?
upper wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening
163
What is the function of the lesser vestibular gland?
mucus production to aid lubrication during intercourse
164
What is another name for the lesser vestibular gland?
Paraurethral or Skene's gland
165
Where is the greater vestibular gland located?
slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina
166
What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?
secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused
167
What is another name for greater vestibular glands?
Bartholin's
168
What are the female hormones that control the cyclic growth and shedding of the endometrium?
Estrogen and progesterone
169
Where are estrogen and progesterone produces?
The ovaries
170
What does estrogen cause during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle?
Growth and proliferation of the endometrium
171
What does the ovaries produce after ovulation?
Progesterone
172
Timing of ovulation varies with what?
The length of a woman's menstrual cycle
173
In an average 28 day cycle when does an LH surge usually occur? When does ovulation occur?
LH surge usually occurs between cycle days 11-13 and ovulation follows about 36-48 hours later, on or close to cycle day 14
174
How does menstrual length effect ovulation time?
Women with shorter menstrual cycle lengths tend to ovulate earlier and women with longer cycle lengths tend to ovulate later than cycle day 14
175
Does variation in menstrual cycle length effect the onset of menstrual period after ovulation?
No, usually occurs 2 weeks after
176
Ovulation calenders need to take in account...
shortest and longest cycle lengths
