Skeletal System Flashcards
Two divisions of the skeletal system
Axial
Appendicular
Functions of bones
Support Protect Movement Storage Blood cell formation
How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
206
Two types of bone tissue
Spongy
Compact
Homogeneous, tight packed bone
Compact
Small needle like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Spongy
Four classifications of bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Bones that are typically longer than wide
Long bones
Bones with a shaft with heads at both ends
Long
Bones made of mostly compact bone
Long
What type of bones are the femur and humorous?
Long
Bones which are are generally cube shaped
Short
Bones made of mostly spongy bone
Short bones
What type of bone are carpals and tarsals?
Short
Bones that are thin and flattened
Flat
Bones which are usually curved
Flat
Bones made of thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Flat bones
What type of bone are skulls, ribs, and the sternum?
Flat
Bones which are an irregular shape
Irregular
Bones which do not fit into the other bone classifications
Irregular
Bones like the vertebrae and hip
Irregular
Anatomy of the long bone which is the shaft and composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
Ends of long bone
Composed of mostly spongy bone
Epiphysis
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Periosteum
Secures periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpeys fibers
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Articulate cartilage
Cavity of the shaft which contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in infants
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Mostly fat and found in adults
Red marrow
For the formation of cell formation and found in infants
Pats of the skeletal system
Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Site of surface bone features, attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and passages for nerve and blood vessels
Medullary cavity
Categories of bone markings
Projections/processes
Depression/cavities
Bone markings that grow out of the bone surface
Projections and processes
Indentations
Depressions or cavities
A unit of bone
Osteon (haversian system)
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Central (haversian) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (volkmans) canal
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lacunae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of the lacunae
Lamellae
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Canaliculi
I’m embryos, what is the skeleton primarily made out of?
Hyaline cartilage
During development, what is most of the cartilage replaced with?
Bone
Where does cartilage remain after development?
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
What allow for growth of long bone during childhood?
Epiphyseal plates
Is cartilage being constant formed?
Yes
What does older cartilage become?
Ossified
When cartilage is ossified what happens?
It is broken down and replaced with bone
Bones are ____ and ____ until growth stops
Remodeled
Lengthened
Bones change _____ somewhat
Shape
Bones grow in ____
Width
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Osteoclasts
What two types of bone are part of the bone remodeling process?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
A break in the bone
Fractures
Types of bone fractures
Closed
Open
Break that does not penetrate the skin
Closed (simple) fracture
Broken bone penetrates through the skin
Open (compound) fracture
How are bone fractures treated
Reduction
Immobilization
Realignment
1st step of repair of bone fractures
Hematoma
Blood filled swelling
Hematoma
2nd step in the repair of bone fractures
Break is splinted with fibrocartilage to form a callus
During repair of fracture what is the fibrocartilage callus replaced by?
Bony callus
What is the final step in repairing a fracture?
Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
Articulations of bones
Joints
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Functional classifications of joints
Syntharthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Syntharthoses
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses
Freely moveable joints
Generally immovable joints
Fibrous
Immovable or slightly immovable joints
Cartilaginous
Freely moveable joints
Synovial
Bones are united by what?
Fibrous tissue
Examples of fibrous tissue
Sutures
Syndesmoses
What does syndesmoses do?
Allows more movement than sutures
Example of syndesmoses
Distal end of the tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous joints
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples of cartilaginous joints
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Articulating bones are separated by what?
A joint cavity
Where is synovial fluid found?
The joint cavity
In synovial joints articular cartilage covers what?
Ends of bones
In a synovial joint, joint surfaces are enclosed by?
A fibrous articular capsule
What fluid fills joint cavities of synovial joints?
Synovial
Ligaments reinforce what joints?
Synovial
Flattened fibrous sacs
Bursae
Lined with synovial membranes
Bursae
Filled with synovial fluid
Bursae
Not actually part of the joint
Bursae
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Tendon sheath
Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a flow or friction
Bursitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheaths
Tendonitis
