Integumenrary System Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of membrane is skin?
A
Skin
2
Q
Main layers of skin from superficial to deep
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
3
Q
Epidermis is the what layer
A
Outer
4
Q
What type of epithelium is the epidermis?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
5
Q
The epidermis is hardened by keratin making it what?
A
Avascular
6
Q
The epidermis has the ability to do what?
A
Renew itself
7
Q
How often does the epidermis renew?
A
Every 45 days
8
Q
Epidermis cell types:
A
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
9
Q
Keratinocytes
A
Keratin
10
Q
What is keratin?
A
A waterproofing protein
11
Q
Where does keratin originate?
A
Deeper layers, moving to surface
12
Q
What junctions connect keratinocytes?
A
Desmosomes and tight
13
Q
Where is cell production and keratinization accelerated?
A
Areas of friction
14
Q
Thickened skin
A
Callus
15
Q
What do melanocytes produce?
A
Melanin
16
Q
Where does melanin accumulate?
A
On the superficial side of the nucleus
17
Q
Why is melanin important?
A
To prevent DNA mutation from UV radiation
18
Q
Strata if the epidermis from deep for superficial
A
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
19
Q
Highly mitotic stratum
A
Basale
20
Q
Stratum basale contains how much melanocytes?
A
App 25%
21
Q
Slightly mitotic stratum
A
Spinosum
22
Q
What type of macrophages are in the spinosum?
A
Langerhans
23
Q
Where does synthesis of tonofilaments occur?
A
Stratum spinosum
24
Q
Stratum granulosum contains what cells?
A
Langerhans
25
Stratum granulosum contains what granules?
Keratohyalin
26
Where is stratum lucidum found?
Thicker epidermis
| I.e. Palms, soles, callus
27
Stratum lucidum is completely
Keratinized
28
In stratum lucidum keratin fibrils are formed by what
Keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments
29
The stratum corneum is completely
Keratinized and dead
30
Stratum corneum is what texture to provide what protection
Tough and waterproof
31
What layer of the epidermis do we shed constantly?
Stratum corneum
32
Types of membranes
Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous
33
The strong and flexible, second layer of skin
Dermis
34
Two layers of the dermis
Papillary
| Reticular
35
Which dermal layer contains areolar connective tissue?
Papillary
36
An indent into the epidermis, forming fingerprints
Dermal papillae
37
Where is the dermal papillae found?
Papillary layer
38
Contains nerve receptors, capillary loops, etc...
Dermal papillae
39
Where are blisters present?
At dermal-epidermal junctions
40
Blisters occur at what junctions
Desmosomes
41
Separation due to mechanical stress
Blister
42
What dermal layer is made up of dense, irregular, connective tissue
Reticular
43
Blood vessels, nerve receptors, and glands are present in what dermal layer?
Reticular
44
Cleavage are present between what?
Collagen bundles
45
Cleavage lines are present at one dermal layer?
Reticular
46
What is present where the dermis is secured to the hypodermis?
Flexure lines
47
What layer of the dermis are flexure lines present?
Reticular
48
Dermal tears are often called
Stretch marks
49
Stretch marks are found on the
Reticular layer
50
Third layer of skin
Hypodermis
51
Is the hypodermis usually considered part of the skin?
No
52
What is the hypodermis typically classified as?
Superficial fascia
53
What is the job of the hypodermis?
Anchors skin to underlying organs
54
What is the hypodermis mostly composed of?
Adipose tissue
55
Is the hypodermis vascular?
Yes, very
56
Which layer is the site of subcutaneous injections
Hypodermis
57
Skin color is determined by a combo of?
Types of pigments present
Blood circulation
Stratum corneum thickness
58
Two pigments present in skin color
Melanin
| Carotene
59
Yellow, brown or black skin pigments
Melanin
60
Pigment produced in melanocytes
Melanin
61
Where are melanocytes found?
Stratum basale
62
Melanocytes are transferred to?
Keratinocytes
63
Local accumulations of melanin form
Freckles and pigmented moles
64
Amount of melanin produced depends on what two things
Genetics
| Exposure to sun
65
Solar elastosis is
Clumping of elastin fibers
66
Solar elastosis =
Leathery looking skin
67
Orange-yellow pigment from some veggies
Carotene
68
Vitamin A precursor
Carotene
69
Vitamin A forms
Retinal
70
Retinal is needed for
Sight
71
Where does carotene accumulate?
Adipose cells
| Stratum corneum cells
72
Hemoglobin
Skin color determinate
73
Oxygenated blood cells in dermis capillaries causes
Red skin coloring
74
What determines the extent of red coloring?
Oxygen content
75
Where is hemoglobin more visible/obvious?
Fair skinned individuals
76
Causes increase in flow
Vasodilation
77
Causes decrease in flow
Vasoconstriction
78
Skin can be used as a
Diagnostic
79
Skin color is influenced by what states?
Emotional
| Disease
80
Bluish color
Lack of O2
81
Cyanosis coloring
Bluish color
82
Cyanosis means
Lack of O2
83
Redness means
Heat
Inflammation
Fever
84
Erythema coloring
Redness
85
Erythema means
Heat
Inflammation
Fever
86
Paleness means
Lack of blood flow
87
Pallor coloring
Paleness
88
Pallor means
Lack of blood flow
89
Yellowish coloring means
Liver damage
90
Jaundice coloring
Yellowish color
91
Jaundice means
Liver damage
92
Bronze (tan) coloring means
Addison's disease
93
Bronzing coloring
Bronze(tan)
94
Bronzing means
Addison's disease
95
Black and blue coloring means
Blood under the skin
96
Hematomas coloring
Black and blue
97
Hematomas means
Blood under the skin
98
Hair shaft does what two things
Protects from skin
| Determines hair curliness
99
Flat hair shaft
Curly hair
100
Oval hair shaft
Wavy hair
101
Round hair shaft
Straight hair
102
Hairs is root is where
Embedded into the skin
103
Anatomy of hair from inside out
Central medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
104
Cuticle is made up of what
Layer of overlapping cells
105
The cuticle is highly
Keratinized
106
Where to split ends occur?
cuticle
107
Hair color is caused by proportions of
3 types of melanin
108
The proportions of melanin which cause hair color is determined by
Genetics
109
When melanin is replaced by air bubbles, hair becomes
Gray/white and changes texture
110
Hair follicles extend into what layers of skin?
Dermis and hypodermis
111
Hair is produced by a
Hair bulb
112
The hair bulb is
The expanded end of the follicle
113
The papilla of the hair contains _____ for ____
Blood vessels
| Nourishment
114
Nourishment for hair comes from the
Papilla
115
Growth zone of the hair follicle is the
Matrix
116
A sheath surrounding the hair root is made up of
Dermal and epidermal layers
117
The dermal and epidermal sheath which surrounds the hair root is known as the
Hair follicle
118
Smooth muscle related to hair which is regulated by emotions
Arrector Pilli
119
_____ of the arrector pilli pulls hair _____
Contraction
| Upright
120
How does the arrector Pilli normally rest?
At an angle
121
Three types of hair
Vellus
Terminal
Lanugo
122
Softer, body hair
Vellus
123
Coarser hair, found in axillary & anogenital regions
Terminal hair
124
Newborn baby fuzz
Lanugo
125
Hair growth is influenced by
```
Nutrition
Hormones
Blood flow
Growth cycles
Growth phase
Resting phase
```
126
Alopecia
Male pattern baldness
127
Male pattern baldness is what type of trait?
Sex linked and recessive
128
The process of alopecia replaces ____ hair with ____ hair
Terminal
| Vellus
129
Alopecia progresses
Posteriorly
130
Cute and treatment of alopecia involves drugs that
Inhibit testosterone production
131
Minodoxidil
Rogaine
132
Current use of Rogaine
Stimulates hair regrowth on some men
133
Why is Rogaine such a popular treatment for hair loss?
Does not cause loss of sex drive or impotence
134
Factors which cause thinning hair
```
Heterozygous traits
Nutrition
Medications
Stress
Hormones
Physical factors
```
135
Nails relationship to skin
Appendages
136
Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
Nails
137
Nails are _____ keratinized
Heavily
138
Extends beneath the nail bed to form nail matrix
Stratum basale
139
Responsible for nail growth
Matrix region
140
What's makes nails colorless?
Lack of pigment
141
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
142
Three types of sweat glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
Ceremonious
143
Widely distributed in skin: abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Eccrine
144
Type of sweat glands that open via duct to pore on skin surface
Eccrine
145
Sweat glands who produce sweat made of mostly water with a slightly acidic pH of 4-6
Eccrine
146
Sweat glands whose main function is thermoregulation
Eccrine
147
Sweat glands whose ducts empty into hair follicles
Apocrine
148
Sweat glands found mainly in anogenital and axillary regions
Apocrine
149
These sweat glands begin to function during puberty due to hormones
Apocrine
150
Sweat glands which produce sweat containing organic contents like fatty acids and proteins, sometimes exhibits a yellow color which stains clothes
Apocrine
151
Sweat gland produces sweat which has an odor from associated bacteria
Apocrine
152
What gland is a modified apocrine gland?
Ceruminous gland
153
These glands are found in the outer 1/3 of the ear canal
Ceruminous
154
Glands which produces ear wax to trap "invaders"
Ceruminous
155
Glands which are appendages a of the skin
Sebaceous
156
Glands found all over the body except palms and soles of feet
Sebaceous
157
Glands which produce oil for waterproofing
Sebaceous
158
Oil produced by sebaceous glands is also used as ___ for skin and _____ _____
Lubricant
| Kills bacteria
159
Most sebaceous glands have ducts which empty where?
Into hair follicles
160
When are sebaceous glands activated? Why
Puberty
| They are stimulated by hormones
161
Active infection of sebaceous glands
Acne
162
What function do macrophages and langerhans cells provide?
Engulf invaders
163
How does continuity of skin provide mechanical protection?
Impermeable by tight junctions and desmosomes
164
How does keratin provide mechanical protection?
Physically blocks the passage of water and water soluble substances
165
Molecules which can pass through mechanical protection barriers
Lipid soluble (O2, CO2, ADEK, steroids)
Oleoresins (poison ivy/oak)
Organic solvents (acetone, dry cleaning fluid, paint thinner)
Heavy metals
166
What chemical secretions from the skin provide protection?
Tears
Sweat
Oils with low pH and contain lysozyme
167
How does melanin provide chemical protection?
Acts as pigment shield against UV radiation
168
Most nitrogen is excreted through
Urine
169
Sodium chloride is ____ from the body
Excreted
170
Chief determinant is muscle activity
Heat production
171
80% of heat transfer is through the
Skin
172
20% of heat transfer is through
Mucosa
173
Heat transfer is regulated by what two things
Vasoconstriction
| Vasodilation
174
Heat is carried primarily in the _____ content of the blood
Water
175
Why is vitamin D important?
Aids uptake of calcium from the food you eat
176
Ca has to be absorbed from your ____ into the ____
Stomach
| Blood
177
When cholesterol molecules are exposed to UV light they become
Vitamin D precursors
178
Where do vitamin D precursors become active?
Liver and kidneys
179
Free nerve endings =
Pain
180
Discriminating touch, light pressure
Meissners corpuscles
181
Cold sensation
Krauses corpuscles
182
Heat sensation
Ruffini's corpuscles
183
Medium pressure sensation
Merkel corpuscles
184
Deep pressure sensations
Pacinian corpuscle
185
Protein desaturation an cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals
Burn
186
Two major dangers of burns
Dehydration
| Infection
187
Why is dehydration a major danger?
Renal shutdown and circulatory shock
188
Why is infection a major danger of burns?
Skin (mechanical) barrier loss
| Immune system depresses
189
Only the epidermis is damaged
Local redness, swelling and pain
Usually heal in 2-3 days with no scarring
First-degree burns
190
```
Epidermis and upper debris and structures within dermis damaged
Appearance of blisters
Skin regeneration in 3-4 weeks
Some scarring
Possible infection
```
Second degree
191
Epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed
Usually painless at burn site
Gray-white, tan, brown, black or deep red
Surrounded by painful lower degree burns
Treatments are involve skin grafting, fluid replacement and debridement
Third-degree burns
192
Most common cancer
Skin
193
___ of of 5 cancers are skin
2
194
Uncontrolled cell growth
Cancer
195
Caused by damage to the DNA usually through chemicals or radiation
Skin cancer
196
Two types of skin cancer
Benign
| Metastasized
197
Least malignant and most common skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
198
Where does BCC arise?
Stratum basale
199
Cannot produce keratin
| Boundary lost between dermis and epidermis
BCC
200
90% of skin cancers are
Basal cell
201
Treated surgically or by radiation
BCC
202
2nd most common skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
203
More common in darker skinned people
SCC
204
Where does SCC arise?
Stratum spinosum
205
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if left untreated
SCC
206
1500-2000 deaths per year
SCC
207
Basal and squamous cell are due to ____ effects of the ___ radiation
Cumulative
| Suns
208
Tend to develop in ages 30-40 after years of daily sun exposure
Basal and squamous cell
209
Least common but most deadly of skin cancers
Malignant melanoma
210
Where does MM originate?
Melanocytes
211
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
MM
212
ABCD Rule
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
