Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1125 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 common characteristics all cellular life shares?

A

DNA genome
cytoplasm
ribosomes
plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does eukaryote mean?

A

true nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of organelles do eukaryotes have?

A

membrane-bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the eukaryote genome made of?

A

double-stranded DNA and multiple, linear chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can eukaryotes be single-celled and multicellular?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Can some eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

yes
plants and protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

before nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the prokaryote genome made of?

A

double-stranded DNA and a single, circular chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are prokaryotes all single cells?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do all prokaryotes have a cell wall?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does eubacteria mean?

A

true bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does eubacteria have?

A

peptidoglycan (makes up cell wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What characteristic do eukaryotes share with eubacteria?

A

same physiological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are archaebacteria called?

A

extremophiles because they inhabit harsh environments (not all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What characteristics do eukaryotes share with archaebacteria?

A

they both have histone proteins
they share similar molecular mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a genome?

A

instructions for a cell/organism, all of the genes in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

interior chemical makeup of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

provides protection for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the rRNA sequence comparison help us determine?

A

how related different species are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the phylogenic tree?

A

shows relationships between eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the characteristics archaebacteria have on the phylogenic tree?

A

evolutionary intermediate in between eubacteria and eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are archaebacteria more closely related to eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a supercoil?

A

the additional twisting or coiling of the DNA double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the nucleosome?

A

a DNA-protein complex that’s the basic unit of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are histones?

A

A type of protein found in chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and histone proteins combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Do eubacteria have chromatin?

A

no because they have no histone proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the most abundant elements found in living organisms?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cohesion?

A

same molecules attracted to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is adhesion?

A

one substance attracted to another substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is water more dense as a liquid or solid?

A

liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What kind of capacity does water have for absorbing energy?

A

high (stabilizes temps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does water minimize change in pH?

A

acts as a proton donor and acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the law of mass action?

A

the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of each reactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are van der waals interactions?

A

weak attractions or interactions between molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Do molecules have to be very close to each other for van der waals interactions to happen?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many calories are in waters heat capacity?

A

1 calorie/gram C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the sphere of hydration?

A

hydrogen bonds with a surrounding layer of water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When does dissociation occur?

A

when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the capacity of a substance to withstand rupturing when placed under tension or stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

linear chains of carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

closed rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement (structure) of their atoms and/or chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are Enantiomers?

A

molecules that share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the three-dimensional placement of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are functional groups?

A

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Do ions have a full or partial charge?

A

full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Can water molecules ionize?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does pH measure?

A

free. H+ or -OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does a low pH mean?

A

acidic ((high concentration of H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does a high pH mean?

A

basic (high concentration of -OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are stacking forces?

A

Hydrogen bonds within a molecule that increase the strength of the hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What kind of covalent bond is the strongest?

A

triple bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Are covalent bonds or ionic bonds more common amongst living organisms?

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Do bonds take energy to break?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Is nonpolar hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Is polar hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules that make up all parts of the cell?

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What elements will always be nonpolar when they are bonded together?

A

carbon and hydrogen
All other elements will be polar when they are bonded together (like Oxygen and Sulfur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is a monomer?

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does a peptide bond occur between?

A

occurs between carboxyl group of the first amino acid and the amino group of the second amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is a dehydration synthesis reaction (condensation reaction)?

A

lose a molecule of water to synthesize (form) a bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

make up cell machinery, enzymes are proteins, make up the cytoskeleton in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What shapes do carbohydrates come in?

A

linear structures and ring structures

70
Q

What are 3 groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

71
Q

What does monosaccharide mean?

A

1 sugar

72
Q

What does disaccharide mean, what is it made up of, and what kind of reaction is it?

A

2 sugars
made up of 2 monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

73
Q

What does polysaccharides mean, what are they made up of, and what kind of reaction are they formed through?

A

many sugars
polymers are formed by combining many monosaccharide molecules through condensation reactions

74
Q

What structures are in monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

75
Q

What structures are in disaccharides?

A

sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (galactose and glucose)

76
Q

What structures are in polysccharides?

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

77
Q

What kind of molecule is cellulose?

A

structural

78
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Make up the cell wall in prokaryotes
Serve as a source of energy as well as storing energy

79
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

polymers made up of nucleotides

80
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

81
Q

What do nucleic acids form and what kind of reaction is this?

A

Form chain links through a dehydration synthesis

82
Q

How do nucleic acids polymerize?

A

through a phosphodiester bond

83
Q

RNA is the first step of…

A

gene expression

84
Q

Are most RNA molecules translated as proteins?

A

no

85
Q

Can RNA function as an enzyme?

A

yes

86
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

hydrocarbons

87
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Make up cell membranes
Provide waterproofing for aquatic animals and plants

88
Q

Is there a common bond type in lipids?

A

no

89
Q

Are monosaccharides nonpolar or polar?

A

polar

90
Q

What is the amino acid structure?

A

The alpha carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group

91
Q

How many different R groups are there?

A

20

92
Q

Amino acids exist in the cell as…

A

ionized molecules

93
Q

When do amino acids ionize?

A

when they are in water

94
Q

When does the amino group act as a base?

A

when it accepts H+

95
Q

When does the carboxyl group act as an acid?

A

when it releases the H+

96
Q

Are peptide bonds ionic or covalent bonds?

A

covalent

97
Q

What kind of reaction is a peptide bond?

A

condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis because a water molecule is lost

98
Q

Peptide bonds link together to form…

A

polypeptide chains

99
Q

What is the amino terminus of the peptide bond called?

A

n-terminus

100
Q

What is the carboxyl terminus called in a peptide bond?

A

c-terminus

101
Q

What kind of electron sharing occurs through carbonyl groups and what does this result in?

A

unequal electron sharing results in a strong bond, spreading the charge across

102
Q

What do carbonyl groups give the peptide bond?

A

double bond character
peptide bonds are more rigid because of this

103
Q

Can the other sides of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds have rotation?

A

yes

104
Q

What is the Protein primary (1°) structure?

A

Order of the amino acids in the chain
Simplest structure of proteins
Proteins dont exist in this state

105
Q

What is the Protein secondary (2°) structure?

A

Alpha helices
Beta pleated sheets
Folding of the protein chain due to interactions between amino acids in the backbone
Due to intermolecular interactions between amino acids

106
Q

What is the Protein tertiary (3°) structure?

A

noncovalent bonds formed between nonadjacent amino acids
Highest level of individual proteins
Due to R-group interactions

107
Q

What is the Protein quaternary (4°) structure?

A

Multiple proteins bind to form a structure

108
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

bond that links the 2 monosaccharides

109
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Molecules with 3-10 sugar units

110
Q

What are true polysaccharides?

A

Molecules containing more than 11 sugar units

111
Q

Cellulose is the major energy component of cell walls in…

A

plants

112
Q

Starch is the main energy storage material in…

A

plants

113
Q

Glycogen is the main energy storage material in…

A

animals

114
Q

What are the 5 common polysaccharides?

A

Chitin in fungi and arthropods
Cellulose
Peptidoglycan
Starch glycogen

115
Q

What is chitin?

A

Contains nitrogen
makes up cell walls in fungi
Makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods

116
Q

What is the purpose of peptidoglycan, what is it made up by, what are linked together, and what kind of pattern is formed?

A

Makes up the cell wall in eubacteria
Made up of polysaccharides and oligopeptides
Individual peptide chains link together polysaccharide chains
Forms a mesh pattern referred to as cross-linking

117
Q

What is starch glycogen?

A

Energy storage molecule

118
Q

What are beta pleated sheets and alpha helices and what are bonds formed between?

A

hydrogen bonds forming between carbonyl and amino groups of amino acids through the backbone

119
Q

How does the tertiary structure form?

A

forms through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces

120
Q

How does penicillin kill bacterial cells?

A

Transpeptidase forms bonds between amino acids is inhibited by penicillin. Penicillin binds to the transpeptidase enzyme and inhibits it. When cell tries to divide it bursts
(It inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls)

121
Q

Why is the ionized form of an amino acid significant for biological systems?

A

it allows for the formation of complex protein structures

122
Q

What are the 4 major categories of amino acid side chains?

A

nonpolar hydrophobic
polar uncharged hydrophilic
polar charged (+) hydrophilic
polar charged (-) hydrophilic

123
Q

What is an important chemical feature of nonpolar hydrophobic side chain?

A

lack of polar bonds, little to no electronegative atoms

124
Q

What is an important chemical feature of polar uncharged hydrophilic side chain?

A

presence of electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

125
Q

What is an important chemical feature of polar charged (+) hydrophilic side chain?

A

the presence of a positively charged nitrogen atom within its structure

126
Q

What is an important chemical feature of polar charged (-) hydrophilic side chain?

A

the presence of a functional group with a net negative charge

127
Q

What is the structure of an IONIZED amino acid?

A

alpha carbon bonded to a hydrogen ion, NH3, R group, C double bonded to an O and single bonded to an O-

128
Q

Explain how electron sharing contributes to the high stability of peptide bonds

A

a partial double bond character is created on the carbonyl, making it unable to rotate

129
Q

Why is cellulose so rigid?

A

long chains of glucose molecules linked together by strong hydrogen bonds

130
Q

What is the 5-carbon sugar found in RNA? What is the hydroxyl group bonded to?

A

ribose, 2’ carbon

131
Q

What is the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA? What is the hydrogen atom bonded to?

A

deoxyribose, 2’ carbon

132
Q

How many nitrogenous bases are found in nucleic acids? What are their names?

A

5
cytosine, uracil, thymine, guanine, adenine

133
Q

What do pyrimidines consist of and what is their structure?

A

cytosine, uracil (RNA, thymine (DNA)
6 member ring

134
Q

What do purines consist of and what is their structure?

A

guanine, adenine
5 member ring fused to a 6 member ring

135
Q

Is uracil only find in RNA?

A

yes

136
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds?

A

covalent bonds formed through a condensation reaction

137
Q

What does the 3’ hydroxyl group join? What does this do?

A

phosphate group on the 5’ carbon, gives nucleic acids polarity

138
Q

What kind of backbone do nucleic acids have?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

139
Q

What makes up the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

Sugar of one nucleic acid linked to a phosphate of another nucleic acid

140
Q

What do complementary base pairs do?

A

hold DNA strands together in the double helix

141
Q

Hydrogen bonds are formed between what in nucleic acids?

A

nitrogenous bases

142
Q

Can any 2 nitrogenous base form hydrogen bonds with each other?

A

yes

143
Q

Guanine is always paired with…
How many hydrogen bonds are formed?

A

cytosine
3

144
Q

Adenine is always paired with…
How many hydrogen bonds are formed?

A

thymine
2

145
Q

1) What is antiparallel orientation?
2) What does the 5’ end pair up with?
3) Why is it called “antiparallel”?

A

1) in double-stranded DNA, 2 strands bind together in an antiparallel fashion
2) 3’ end of other chain
3) because strands are running in opposite directions

146
Q

What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?

A

Sequence of bases, A G C T

147
Q

1) What is the secondary structure of nucleic acids?
2) How does RNA form secondary structures?
3) What is the secondary structure of DNA?

A

1) Formed through hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases in 2 strands of DNA
2) still forms a secondary structure because hydrogen bonds can form between nitrogenous bases within a single-strand
3) double-stranded helix

148
Q

1) what is the tertiary structure of nucleic acids?
2) what does DNA wrap up with?
3) what do hydrogen bonds in RNA from between?

A

1) Addition twisting and folding that takes place
2) DNA wraps up with histone proteins
3) between nonadjacent parts of the molecule that forms 3-dimensional shapes

149
Q

What are isoprenes linked into?

A

branch hydrocarbon chains called isoprenoids

150
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

unbranched hydrocarbon chains joined to a hydroxyl group

151
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

only single bonds between the carbons

152
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

one or more double bonds between the carbons
There is a bend

153
Q

What are lipids characterized by?

A

their insolubility in water instead of a shared chemical structure

154
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids found in cells?

A

Fats
Steroids
Phospholipids

155
Q

1) What are fats?
2) what is their function?

A

1) nonpolar molecule composed of three hydrocarbon chains linked to glycerol
2) Function in energy storage

156
Q

1) What are steroids?
2) what are their functions?

A

1) consist of a 4-ring structure, different steroids have different functional groups attached
2) cell membranes and as a signaling molecule

157
Q

1) What are phospholipids?
2) What are their functions?

A

1) glycerol linked to a phosphate group and 2 hydrocarbon chains. The phosphate is bonded to a small organic molecule (charged or polar)
2) store chemical energy, act as pigments, signaling molecules, waterproof coating on leaves and skin and act as vitamins, cell membranes

158
Q

What is the phospholipids bilayer called?

A

amphipathic because it functions as hydrophobic and hydrophilic

159
Q

What is the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Head
interacts with water

160
Q

What is the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

tail
tails interact with one another

161
Q

What is the nitrogenous base in a nucleotide attached to?

A

1’carbon on the 5-carbon sugar

162
Q

Is RNA or DNA more stable?

A

DNA

163
Q

The monomer for nucleic acid is a…

A

nucleotide

164
Q

How do phosphodiester bonds form?

A

3’ carbon bound to a hydroxyl group, nucleotide links phosphate group to 5’ carbon, a water molecule is lost

165
Q

Is DNA negatively or positively charged?

A

negatively

166
Q

Where do nitrogenous bases stick out from? What bonds do they form?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone and form hydrogen bonds

167
Q

In simple terms what is the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of DNA?

A

primary: sequence of bases
secondary: twisting of double helix
tertiary: double helix twists around histone proteins

168
Q

In simple terms what is the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of RNA?

A

primary: sequence of bases
secondary: single-strand folds to form a double-helix
tertiary: 3D structure is formed

169
Q

Do phospholipids self-orientate?

A

yes, tails face each other, heads face the water

170
Q

What kinds of bonds are in proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and fats?

A

proteins: peptide bonds
carbohydrates: glycosidic bonds
nucleic acids: phosphodiester bonds
fats: no common bonds

Bio 1125 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions