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Bio 1125 > Cell division reading guide > Flashcards

Cell division reading guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The Cell cycle is a series of events that involve cell growth and division that makes 2 daughter cells.

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2
Q

What is G1?

A

Cell is accumulating building blocks of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins. Also accumulating energy reserves to replicate each chromosome in the nucleus.

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3
Q

What is S-phase?

A

DNA replication resulting in identical pairs of DNA molecules called sister chromatids. The centrosome is also duplicated. Each centrosome has 2 centrioles.

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4
Q

What is G2?

A

Cell replenishes energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosomal function. Some organelles are duplicated and cytoskeleton is dismantled to provide resources for mitotic phase.

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5
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents separate during the mitotic phase.

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6
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

partitioning of the cell cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is interphase?

A

The cell grows and DNA is replicated in interphase.

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8
Q

What are mitotic spindles?

A

apparatus that controls the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

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9
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

before cell division it duplicates and when division begins the 2 centrosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

protein structure located in the centromeric region that attracts and binds to the mitotic spindle microtubules

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11
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

equatorial plate midway between the poles of the cell

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12
Q

What is happening to chromosomes in G2 of interphase?

A

each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids

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13
Q

What is happening to the mitotic spindle during G2 of interphase?

A

spindle is not fully formed or active

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14
Q

What is happening to chromosomes in prophase?

A

sister chromatids coil more tightly through condensin proteins

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15
Q

What happens to the mitotic spindle in prophase?

A

Mitotic spindle extends between the centrosome, pushing them further apart as microtubule fibers lengthen

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16
Q

What is prophase?

A

First phase where the nuclear envelope dissociates into small vesicles and organelles

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17
Q

What is prometaphase?

A

First change phase where nuclear envelope fragments futher

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18
Q

What happens to chromosomes during prometaphase?

A

chromosomes become more condense, each sister chromatid develops a kinetochore

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19
Q

What happens to mitotic spindles during prometaphase?

A

mitotic spindle continues to develop as more microtubules assemble and stretch across the length of the former nuclear area

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20
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Change phase where all chromosomes are aligned in a plane called the metaphase plate

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21
Q

What happens to chromosomes during metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are tightly attracted to each other by cohesion proteins, maximally condensed

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22
Q

What happens to mitotic spindles in metaphase?

A

The fully formed mitotic spindle composed of microtubules ensures that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores

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23
Q

What is anaphase?

A

upward phase where cohesin proteins degrade

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24
Q

What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate at the centromere. Each chromatid is pulled toward the centromere to which its microtubule is attached

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25
What happens to mitotic spindles during anaphase?
kinetochore microtubules are shortened and the spindles elongate
26
What is telophase?
distance phase where the nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
27
What happens to chromosomes during telophase?
chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to unravel
28
What happens to mitotic spindles during telophase?
depolymerized into tubulin monomers used to assemble cytoskeletal components for each daughter cell
29
What happens when a cell is in G0 phase and why do cells enter this phase?
Cell is in a quiescent (inactive) stage where the cell exits the cell cycle. Some cells enter it because of environmental conditions like the availability of nutrients, or growth factor stimulation. Cell remains in this phase until conditions improve or G1 is onset.
30
What is a gamete?
the union of 2 specialized cells containing one set of chromosomes
31
What is a zygote?
united gametes or a fertilized egg that contains 2 sets of chromosomes
32
What is a haploid?
cells that contain one set of chromosomes
33
What is a diploid?
cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes
34
What is a somatic cell?
All the cells in a multicellular organism except gametes
35
What is a homologous chromosome?
matched pairs containing same genes and different alleles, 2 copies of each chromosome
36
How do meiosis I and II result in four haploid daughter cells?
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, resulting in 2 haploid cells Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, producing four haploid daughter cells
37
What separates in meiosis I? What separates in meiosis II? Which is most similar to mitosis?
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, and meiosis II separates sister chromatids. Meiosis I is most similar to mitosis
38
What is prophase I?
chromosomes coil up, nuclear membrane starts disintegrating, centrosomes begin moving apart
39
What happens to chromosomes during prophase I?
Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs
40
What is metaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes (2 sister chromatids each) line up along the metaphase plate
41
What happens to chromosomes during metaphase I?
homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate with the kinetochores facing opposite poles
42
What is anaphase I?
homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
43
What happens to chromosomes during anaphase I?
homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell while sister chromatids remain attached
44
What is telophase I and cytokinesis?
separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasmic components into 2 daughter cells.
45
What happens to chromosomes in telophase I?
chromosomes begin to decondense and are followed by cytokinesis to form two haploid daughter cells
46
What is prophase II?
nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, centrosomes move to opposite poles
47
What happens to chromosomes in prophase II?
chromosomes condense further
48
What is metaphase II?
chromosomes align along the cell equator with microtubules facing opposite poles attached to the kinetochores
49
What happens to chromosomes in metaphase II?
chromosomes align individually along the metaphase plate
50
What is anaphase II?
Sister chromatids separate and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers
51
What happens to chromosomes in anaphase II?
sister chromatids separate and are pulled by microtubules to opposite poles of the cell, resulting in 2 haploid cells
52
What is telophase II and cytokinesis?
Chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms around them. Cell divides via cytokinesis
53
What happens to chromosomes during telophase II?
Chromosomes decondense and the cell divides resulting in four haploid daughter cells
54
What happens during crossing over?
Homologous nonsister chromatids exchange chromosomal segments
55
What happens during synapsis?
genes on the chromatids of homologous chromosomes are aligned with each other.
56
How does crossing over and synapsis lead to increased genetic diversity?
This leads to increased genetic diversity by making new combinations of allele on chromosomes.
57
What happens during independent assortment? How does this lead to increased genetic diversity?
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align randomly at the center during meiosis I and separate into different gametes. This leads to increased genetic diversity because it makes a variety of possible combinations in the gametes.
58
How many divisions are in mitosis vs meiosis?
Mitosis: single nuclear division meiosis: 2 nuclear divisions
59
How many daughter cells are in mitosis vs meiosis?
mitosis: 2 daughter cells Meiosis: 4 daughter cells
60
Are daughter cells genetically identical in mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis: yes meiosis: no
61
Do homologous chromosomes get separated in mitosis and meiosis? What about sister chromatids?
Mitosis: sister chromatids seprate meiosis: homologous chromosomes get separated in anaphase I and sister chromatids separate in meiosis II
62
What are the biological roles mitosis and meiosis play in organisms?
mitosis: growth, repair, and production of genetically identical daughter cells meiosis: sexual reproduction and genetic diversity
63
Describe the human life cycle, using the words mitosis, meiosis, sperm, egg, zygote, fertilization, haploid, and diploid.
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, and fertilization joins 2 haploid gametes to restore the diploid number. Humans are able to reproduce from haploid gametes called sperm and eggs from diploid germ cells. The two gametes fuse together to make a fertilized egg cell called a zygote. The zygotes undergo rounds of mitosis to make multicellular offspring. Specialized germ cells in the early development of the embryo can undergo mitosis and meiosis to produce haploid gametes.
64
What is a karyotype? What does it show you and how is it made?
The number and appearance of chromosomes. A karyotype is made by taking a picture of the chromosomes and cut and paste each chromosome into a chart known as a karyogram
65
What is a nondisjunction? At what stages of meiosis can it occur? Can it occur in mitosis?
When homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis. It occurs in meiosis I or II and anaphase of mitosis.
66
What is an aneuploidy?
an individual error in chromosome number
67
What is a monosomy?
losing one chromosome
68
What is a trisomy?
gaining an extraneous chromosome
69
What is a polyploidy?
an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets (two for diploid species)
70
What are the consequences of an aneuploidy?
development of disabilities
71
What are the 4 types of damage that can occur to chromosomes?
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
72
What is deletion and how does it occur during meiosis?
a portion of the chromosome is missing, occurs during meiosis through errors in chromosomal crossover or misalignment during synapsis
73
What is duplication and how does it occur during meiosis?
chromosomal segments fuse to existing chromosomes or may be free in the nucleus, occurring during meiosis when homologous chromosomes misalign
74
What is inversion and how does it occur during meiosis?
chromosomal rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome breaks off, rotates, and reattached within the same chromosome, occurs during meiosis when an inversion loop forms
75
What is translocation?
a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different non-homologous chromosome

Bio 1125 (23 decks)

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