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Bio 1125 > Section 2 reading guide > Flashcards

Section 2 reading guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four elements common to all living organisms?

A

DNA genome, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

smallest unit of matter

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3
Q

What are isotopes?

A

elements with different numbers of neutrons

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4
Q

Explain how electrons fill orbitals.

A

Electrons fill shells closest to the nucleus first before they jump to higher orbitals. The outermost orbital is the valence shell that determines reactivity

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5
Q

Explain the octet rule.

A

All elements want to be like their nearest noble gas, meaning that they want 8 valence electrons so they can be stable

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6
Q

Describe the most energetically stable state of a valence shell.

A

The valence shell is most stable when it is completely filled with electrons. It can hold 8, so all elements want to have 8 valence electrons so they can be stable

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7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of electrons in between a metal cation and a nonmetal anion

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8
Q

Describe the difference between cations and anions.

A

cations are positively charged ions and anions are negatively charged ions

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond? How do covalent bonds function to create molecules?

A

A covalent bond is the sharing of electrons and they function to create molecules by sharing electrons usually between two nonmetals and can form more than just one bond between elements

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10
Q

What is electronegativity? How does electronegativity result in nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds?

A

craves electrons
If there is equal sharing of electrons, then it is nonpolar. If there is unequal sharing of electrons, then it is polar.

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11
Q

What is the relative bond strength of covalent bonds?

A

strongest

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12
Q

What is an example of a covalent bond in a living organism?

A

Water is a covalent bond that is essential for humans to live

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13
Q

What is the relative bond strength for an ionic bond?

A

strong (not as strong as covalent)

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14
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond in a living organism?

A

table salt is an electrolyte and is necessary for nerve impulse conduction

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15
Q

What is the relative bond strength for hydrogen bonds?

A

weak

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16
Q

What is an example of hydrogen bond in a living organism?

A

DNA makes up humans and all living organisms

17
Q

What is the relative bond strength of van der waals forces?

A

weak

18
Q

What is an example of a van der waals interaction in living organisms?

A

responsible for hydrophobic interactions

19
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

water loving

20
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

water fearing

21
Q

Explain water’s solvent properties.

A

other polar molecules can readily dissolve in water

22
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

how basic or acidic a substance is

23
Q

Explain how water can act as both an acid and a base.

A

Water can donate protons as well as accept them

24
Q

Explain how pH is maintained in human blood.

A

There are buffers that absorb excess hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

25
Q

What is a hydrocarbon and why do hydrocarbons make good fuel sources?

A

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound mainly consisting of carbon and hydrogen. They make good fuel sources because the covalent bonds between atoms in hydrocarbons can store a great amount of energy that is released when burned

26
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms that occur within molecules and result in specific chemical properties

27
Q

Are hydroxyl groups polar?

A

yes

28
Q

Are methyl groups polar?

A

yes

29
Q

Are carbonyl groups polar?

A

yes

30
Q

Are carboxyl groups polar?

A

yes

31
Q

Are amino groups polar?

A

yes

32
Q

Are phosphate groups polar?

A

no

33
Q

Are sulfhydryl groups polar?

A

yes

Bio 1125 (9 decks)

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