UNIT#03 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards
The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within a cell is called:
Metabolism
Which one of the following is an example of an anabolic (formation of large molecules from smaller ones) process?
Photosynthesis
A mammalian cell contains 1.1 per cent:
RNA
The most abundant organic compounds of a cell are:
➡Water:70%
➡Proteins:18%
➡Carbohydrates:4%
➡Lipids:3%
In bacterial cells, the water percentage is:
70%
The most organic compounds in the mammalian cell:
Proteins
How many bio-elements account for 99% of the total mass in a human body?
06
What is the number of naturally occurring chemical elements?
92
The percentage of hydrogen in the human body is:
10%
The percentage of phosphorus in the human body is:
1%
The amount of Na by weight in the human body is:
0.35%
The lowest percentage of bioelements in man among the following is:
Manganese
Which of the following is a trace bio element in the human body?
Iodine
The elements commonly used in the formation of chemical compounds of living organisms are called bio-elements. Which of the following are trace elements?
Copper-Manganese-Zinc-Iodine
Water is used during:
Hydration
The basic elements o all organic compounds are:
Carbon
Of the following terms, the one that includes all others is:
Metabolism
Which of the following is a trace element?
Copper
In catabolic reaction ____ free the ____.
➡Proteins
➡Amino acids
Which of the following is a chemical link between catabolism and anabolism?
ATP
Which one is the basic element found in all organic compounds?
➡Oxygen
➡Hydrogen
➡Carbon
Interconversion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in living cells is an example of:
➡Coordinated catabolic activities
➡Coordinated anabolic activities
How are high-energy phosphate bonds broken down in ATP?
Hydrolysis
The branch of biology that deals with the study of chemical components and the chemical processes in the living organism are called?
Biochemistry
Reactions in which simple substances are combined to form complex substances are called?
Anabolic reactions
Water is a very good solvent for substances due to its ___ nature and acts as ____ due to its higher heat capacity.
➡Dipole nature
➡Thermo-Stabilizer
Due to higher heat capacity and H-bods, water acts as:
Thermo-Stabilizer
The water molecules remain attached together and do not separate because of this bonding:
Hydrogen
Which property of water plays an important role in the regulation of heat produced by oxidation?
Heat of vaporization
If water has a high latent heat of vaporization, how is this property of water produced by oxidation?
Heat of vaporization
If water has a high latent heat of vaporization, how this property of water could be helpful to plants and animals
With the release of a small number of water vapours, a great amount of heat loss can take place
Which property of water helps to maintain the integrity of lipid membranes?
Hydrophobic exclusion
Water acts as a universal solvent because of:
High polarity
Water acts as a temperature stabilizer for many organisms in the environment because of its:
High specific heat capacity
Ice floats on water due to which property of water:
Low Density
Human tissues have 85% water in cells of:
➡Brain:85%
➡Bone:20%
➡Liver:60%
➡Jellyfish:99%
Name the tissue that contains about 20% of water:
➡Bone cells
➡Seeds
The specific heat of vaporization of water is Kcal/kg:
574
Calories per gram vaporized are called:
Heat of vaporization
Specific heat of vaporization of water is:
574 Kcal/kg
What percentage of water is found in brain cells?
85%
The attraction between water molecules and the cell wall of the xylem is termed as:
Adhesion
In living organisms, the lubricant which provides protection against damage resulting from the friction is?
Water
The number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 15 to 16C is called:
Specific heat capacity
Liposomes are:
➡During carriers
➡Water in the middle
➡Sac of phospholipids
The most abundant carbohydrates in nature are:
Cellulose
All of the following yield glucose on complete hydrolysis except:
Chitin
(Nitrogen containing polysaccharide)
Glucose combines with ____ to form milk sugar.
Galactose
Formulation of a tri-saccharide involves the release o ___ water molecule.
2
How many carbon atoms are present inside the ring of fructose
4
(2 Carbon atoms are present outside the ring on 1st Carbon and 6th Carbon)
Which of the following polysaccharide is present in human muscles abundantly?
Glycogen
Pick the odd one out:
➡Galactose (Monosaccharide)
➡Cellulose (Polysaccharide)
➡Agar (Polysaccharide)
➡Pectin (Polysaccharide)
Which of the following carbons are present outside the ring of fructose?
1st Carbon and 6th Carbon
Which of the following sugars is the sweetest?
Fructose
In a disaccharide, if carbon atoms are 12 then how many OH groups will be present?
8
Which of the following is non-reducing disaccharide sugar?
Sucrose
(➡All polysaccharides are non-reducing
➡All monosaccharides are reducing)
Which of the following sugar is mainly present in human blood?
Glucose
The simplest monosaccharide containing keto group is:
Dihydroxyacetone
(Aldo Group:➡Glyceraldehyde➡Glucose
➡Ribose)
The compounds which, on hydrolysis, yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone sub-units are
Carbohydrates
Which of the following type of carbohydrates has high molecular weight and is sparingly soluble in water?
Polysaccharide
A glycosidic bond is formed by the:
removal of water
Starch is present in tubers, fruits and grains but absent in animal cells. Instead animals have a substance stored in liver and muscles known as;
Glycogen
The covalent bond or bridge between two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide is called a:
Glycosidic bond
Which is an example of a disaccharide?
Lactose
____ is stored in animal cells
Glycogen
The bond that is formed between two monosaccharide units is called:
Glycosidic bond
The pure form of cellulose is:
Cotton
The best example of polysaccharide which is stored in animals is called:
Glycogen
C5H10O4 is the formula of:
Deoxyribose sugar
____ is the storage form of o carbohydrates in animals and humans which is equivalent to the ____ in plants.
➡Glycogen
➡Starch
Monosaccharides have a general formula represented by:
Cn(H2O)n
___ are the major sites for the storage o glycogen in an animal’s body.
➡Muscle
➡Liver
Chitin is a :
Polysaccharide
Which of the following is an instant source of energy in a living organism, like glucose?
Cx(H2O)y
All are characteristics of monosaccharides except:
Digestion by amylase enzyme
Which of the following sugars is/are components of nucleic acid?
Pentose
Which of the following kinds of atoms does not occur in carbohydrates?
Phosphorus
The substance which on hydrolysis yields polyhydroxy aldehyde or Ketone sub-units
Carbohydrates
The covalent bond between two monosaccharides is called:
Glycosidic bond
Carbohydrates are organic molecules and contain three elements:
➡Carbon
➡Hydrogen
➡Oxygen
A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond and is formed between two ____.
Monosaccharide
Which group has all its members reducing sugars?
(True Carbohydrates are):
Monosaccharides
Natural monosaccharides have ____ carbon atoms.
2 to 10
Galactose is the component of:
Milk sugar
Monosaccharides which are rare in nature and occur in some bacteria:
Tetroses
Which one are intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis:
➡Glyceraldehyde
➡Dihydroxyacetone
Which one is intermediate in bacterial photosynthesis?
Erythrulose
Fructose is a 6-C monosaccharide and has ____ cornered ring.
5
Which one is not a penultimate carbon in the following structures?
C-4 in galactose
The 3-D structure is _____ structure.
Haworth Projection
If -OH is present upward on C-1 then it is known as:
β-sugar.
Glucose has ____ number of stereoisomers.
16
These stereoisomers which have different arrangements of -H and -OH groups at only one asymmetrical carbon atom are called:
Epimers
When glucose molecules are combined to form a molecule o maltose, the formula of maltose is not C12H24O12 because:
Dehydration synthesis takes place
β-1,4-glycosidic linkage is found in:
Lactose
_____- is an intermediate disaccharide produced during the breakdown of starch and glycogen.
Maltose
Milk sugar is found ______ % in human milk.
5-8%
In the free state, glucose is present in:
Dates
Animals obtain carbohydrates mainly from:
Starch
The chief of carbohydrates mainly from:
Starch
Starches with iodine give colour:
Blue
Which of the following gives blue colour with iodine:
Starch
Cellulose is:
Polysaccharides
Which one of the following is not a polysaccharide:
Wax
Which one of the following is not a polysaccharide:
Lactose
The most abundant carbohydrate/ the common polysaccharide in nature is:
(Cotton is the pure form of)
Cellulose
Glycogen is an example of:
Polysaccharides
What percentage of glucose is normally found in human blood?
0.08
The covalent bond between two monosaccharide sub-units is called:
Glycosidic bond
Which of the following cannot be hydrolyzed?
Monosaccharide
Animal starch is called:
Glycogen
It is not a monosaccharide:
Sucrose
Sucrose is present in:
Sugar cane
It is _____ is valuable for diabetic control.
Green vegetables
Glycogen is most abundantly present in:
➡Liver
➡Muscles
Which of the following is soluble in hot water?
Amylose
Glucose is also called:
Dextrose
A glycosidic bond is present between:
Monosaccharides
Which of the following is a trisaccharide?
Raffinose
Glycogen on hydrolysis gives:
Glucose
Cellulose on hydrolysis yields:
β D-Glucose
Carbohydrate catabolism is concerned with the fate of:
Glucose
A complex substance that on hydrolysis yields polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone sub-units is called:
Carbohydrates
Which one gives a blue colour
Starch
To synthesise 10g of glucose, how much energy is essentially required?
717KCal
Glycogen is present in all bodies except:
Blood
α 1-4 glycosidic linkage is present in:
Maltose
The 5 carbon sugar present in the heart muscle is :
Lyxose
Which is true regarding the open chain structure of glucose?
There are four asymmetric carbon
Rarely occurring monosaccharides observed in some bacteria are?
Tetroses
In the molecular formula Cx(H2O)y, the value of x ranges from:
3 to 7000
How many monosaccharide units do oligosaccharides yield upon hydrolysis?
➡2
➡5
➡10
Which one of the following biomolecules is most abundant in animals?
Glycogen
This is non-reducing sugar:
Sucrose
What type of atom is a carbon atom?
Tetravalent
Which bond provides stability to complex carbohydrate molecules?
C-O
Which of the following constitute large organic molecules?
Cellulose
These are crystalline, water-soluble, forming pyranose rings
Monosaccharides
When the glucose level in the blood comes down, glucose is synthesized from _____.
Glycogen
Which are the most physiologically significant disaccharides?
➡Maltose
➡Sucrose
➡Lactose
Which of the following is the most complex sugar?
Polysaccharides
(CH2O)n is the general formula of:
Monosaccharides
The functional group that best represents ketoses is?
CO
Unit of carbohydrates is:
Monosaccharide
Glycogen is present in all bodies except:
Blood
The smallest monosaccharide is:
Triose
Ribose is a monosaccharide constituent of many ____.
CoEnzymes
How many types of amino acids are present in the cell?
➡170✅
➡20 (Synthesize most of the Protein)
➡25 (Constituent of Protein)
A globular protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain has:
Quaternary Structure
A protein having secondary structure possesses:
➡Hydrogen Bonding
➡Peptide Bond
All of the following are examples of fibrous protein:
➡Silk Fiber
➡Myoglobin
➡Keratin
All of the following are examples of fibrous protein except:
➡Myoglobin
Which of the following is a complex of globular protein with non-proteinaceous material?
Haemoglobin
(4 polypeptides forming quaternary structure)
Muscle haemoglobin (made up of a single polypeptide) possesses:
Tertiary structure
_____ are defensive proteins,
Antibodies
(Immunoglobins)
Proteins of hair, horns, feathers and other skin parts are:
Structural Protein
Identify the protein, which cannot be crystallized.
Fibrin
(Fibrous Protein)
How many peptide bonds are present in an insulin molecule?
49
Usually, a polypeptide chain bends and folds upon itself to form a globular shape. This is proteins:
Tertiary Conformation
Which level of protein structure maintains the helix shape of enzymes?
Secondary
Which one of the following is used in the synthesis of nucleic acid, hormones, co-enzyme and amino acid for protein synthesis?
Carbon
Enzymes are molecules of one of the following groups of biomolecules. Mark the correct answer which can also be defined as a biological catalyst:
Protein
Which molecular structure of the enzyme is essential for the activity of the enzyme?
Tertiary structure
(Globular Enzymes)
The secondary structure of a protein is found in:
Keratin
(Fibrous Protein)
The number of amino acids that have been found to occur in cells and tissues is:
170
Most proteins are made up of type o amino acids:
20
The backbone of amino acid is comprised of:
C-C-N
Bonds present in alpha-helix are:
(3.6 amino acids in each turn)
Hydrogen Bonding
The sequence of amino acids is important in:
Primary Structure
Which of the following holds the alpha helix of protein in its place?
Hydrogen Bond
The number and sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide chain is called the structure of a protein.
Primary
Most proteins are made up of:
20 types of amino acids
The structure of fibrous protein comprises polypeptide chains in the form of:
Long strands of fibrils
In glycine, ‘R’ is:
Hydrogen
The number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is known as its _____.
Primary Structure
Which type of bond is required to maintain the alpha helix configuration of a protein?
Hydrogen Bonds
Which of the following is a protease?
(Enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds)
Renin
(action on milk protein: converts caseinogen to casein)
The number of types of amino acids that are found to occur in cells is:
170
The amino acids are mainly different from each other due to the type and nature of:
R-Group
A peptide bond is a :
C-N link
Which term we will use when the two amino acids join each other
Dipeptide
A protein molecule may have ____ amino acids.
51 to 3000
The DNA sequence for sickle cell anaemia patients is:
CAT
The genetic basis between sickle cell anaemia and normal haemoglobin was first determined by:
Vernon Ingram
Myoglobin is an example of ____ protein.
Globular
The sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule was determined by:
Sanger
The alpha chain of haemoglobin has amino acids?
141
The helical shape of a polypeptide is due to its presence within the molecule:
Hydrogen Bond
Each turn of the alpha helix contains ____ residues of amino acids.
3.6
Which type of bond is not formed in maintaining the tertiary structure of proteins:
Hydrophobic portion
Haemoglobin is a:
Globular protein
Keratin is an example of fibrous protein present in:
➡Nail
➡Hair
The amino acid not found in proteins is:
Beta-alanine
The high content of which amino acid confers resistance, stability and insoluble to hairs, nails and skin:
Cysteine
Which structure of protein gives information about the folding of a protein?
Tertiary Structure
The protein contains bonds:
Peptide bonds
Does protein constitute what percentage of the total dry weight is found in cells?
50
Which structural organization is most common in globular protein?
Tertiary Structure
An enzyme containing 2 chains of the polypeptide has:
➡Primary
➡Secondary
➡Tertiary
➡Quaternary
Word protein is derived from:
Greek
