UNIT#02 BIO-ENERGETICS Flashcards
1
Q
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is:
A
Rubisco
2
Q
The products of photosynthesis in green plants are:
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
3
Q
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
A
It uses oxygen
4
Q
The quantitative study of energy relationship in the biological system is:
A
Bioenergetics
5
Q
A kind of chemical link between anabolism and catabolism:
A
ATP
6
Q
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from:
A
Water
7
Q
NADH is oxidized during:
A
Lactic acid fermentation
8
Q
Which of the following can perform anaerobic respiration?
A
➡Bacteria
➡Yeast
➡Skeletal Muscles
9
Q
The amount of energy extracted from glucose molecules during respiration without oxygen is:
A
2%
10
Q
The final fate of glucose in yeast when it is deprived of oxygen:
A
Alcohol
11
Q
In cellular respiration, the product formed as a result of the release of energy:
A
ATP
12
Q
Cellular respiration is directly involved in the production of:
A
Energy
13
Q
Respiration is the universal process by which organisms break down complex compounds containing:
A
Carbon
14
Q
In which process/processes stored energy in carbohydrates is released:
A
Respiration
15
Q
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is called:
A
External Respiration
16
Q
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
A
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
17
Q
The compound formed during muscle fatigue is:
A
Lactic acid
(C3H6O3)
18
Q
During extreme physiological activities, which form of anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells and other animals?
A
Lactic acid fermentation
19
Q
The amount of glucose in ATP during anaerobic respiration:
A
2%
20
Q
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
A
7.3 KCal
21
Q
Fermentation products produced by the yeast are:
A
➡Ethyl alcohol
➡Yeast
22
Q
In aerobic respiration, only ____ % of energy present within the chemical bond of glucose is converted into ATP.
A
2
23
Q
In which of the following component of the body, does lactic acid fermentation takes place?
A
Muscles
24
Q
In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is broken down into:
A
Ethyl alcohol
25
Pyruvate is broken down to ___ in yeast.
Alcohol
26
Lactic acid is produced as a result of:
Anaerobic Respiration
27
Which of the following is not respiration?
Formation of glucose
28
During respiratory chain o cellular respiration, cytochrome c oxidizes:
Cytochrome b
(Co-enzyme Q ➡Cytochrome b➡Cytochrome c)
Reduction Chain
29
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain?
Oxygen
30
The electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to:
Create proton gradient
31
Which of the following types of mammalian cells does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation?
Erythrocytes
(Lack mitochondria)
32
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP:
Chemiosmosis
33
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves:
Chemiosmosis
34
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme Q
35
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Mitochondrion
36
The correct sequence of cytochromes (Cyto-), the electron transport intermediate in ETC is:
Cyto-b ➡Cyto-c ➡Cyto-α ➡Cyto-α3
37
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
38
In mitochondria the pumping of protons (Chemiosmosis) is across the:
Inner Membrane
39
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
40
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
41
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
42
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
Hydrogen
43
In which of the following life processes is ATP produced?
➡Photosyntheisis
➡Aerobic respiration
➡Anaerobic respiration
44
Oxygen plays ____ role in respiration
It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain
45
What is the product of the ETC in animals?
Water
46
Cytochromes are electron transport intermediates containing:
Haem
47
How do the electron transport intermediates containing:
Chemiosmosis
48
What is the end product o the ETC in animals?
Water
49
The final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain is?
Oxygen
50
Cytochrome a is oxidized by which of the following in ETC?
Cytochrome a3
51
What is the copper-containing protein involved in the ETC in plants?
Pc
52
Coenzyme Q is oxidized by which coenzyme?
Cytochrome b
53
Cytochrome b is reduced by:
Coenzyme Q
54
Cancer cells require large amounts of ATP. Which of the following produces a high number of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
55
Enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are present on:
Cristae
56
Electrons from NADH accepted by oxygen form how many ATPs?
3
57
Electron transport chain occurs in:
➡Inner membrane of mitochondria
➡Thylakoid membrane
58
Terminal carrier of cytochrome complex present in ETC:
a
59
NADH is oxidized by:
Co-enzyme Q
60
A number of ATP molecules used during the preparatory phase of glycolysis:
2
(3C=Glyceraldehyde Phosphate)
61
In plants, energy is released during the process of:
Respiration
62
Water is released during the conversion of:
2-phosphoglycerate➡PEP
63
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3 bisphoglycerate➡3 phosphoglycerate
(Dephosphorylation)
64
Gross production of ATP molecules during glycolysis is:
4
65
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is:
38 ATP
(Total=40 ATP
➡2 ATP are used in the preparatory phase
66
The oxidation of succinate produces:
FADH2
(by succinic acid dehydrogenase)
67
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during:
Krebs cycle
68
When products of glycolysis pass through Krebs Cycle, they will produce:
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
69
The precursor of fumarate during the Krebs cycle requires ____ for fumarate synthesis.
Succinate dehydrogenase
70
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide and one molecule of:
NADH
71
Starting from the end products of glycolysis, how many molecules of CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Krebs cycle?
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
72
Which of the following process is used in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
➡Decarboxylation
➡Dehydrogenation
73
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis occurs via:
Substrate level phosphorylation
74
Before entering the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate decarboxylated into;
Acetaldehyde
75
Glycolysis is a breakdown of glucose up to the formation of
Pyruvic acid
76
In which stage of cellular respiration does glucose break down into two molecules of Pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
77
Cellular respiration is sub-divided into four stages. Which one of these does not take place in mitochondria?
Glycolysis
78
Glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
79
Glycolysis:
Produce no ATP
80
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of:
Glycolysis
81
Which of the following is not the end product of glycolysis:
➡Pyruvate❌
➡Oxaloacetate✅
➡ATP❌
➡Reduced NAD❌
82
Glycolysis is the first phase of cellular respiration. Its products are:
➡2 NADH
➡2ATP
➡2 Pyruvates
83
Which of the following does occur for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
Decarboxylation
84
Pyruvic acid, the end product of glycolysis, before entering the Krebs cycle is changed into two carbon compounds:
Acetic acid
85
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondrion unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
86
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
87
The first step in the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
88
At the beginning of Kreb's cycle, acetyl CoA combines with which substrate to form citrate (6-C)
Oxaloacetate
89
The product of succinic acid by the action of enzymes is:
Fumaric acid
90
One molecule of FADH2 is produced in Kreb's cycle during conversion of;
Succinate to Fumarate
91
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb's cycle how many FADH2 molecules are formed?
1
92
Total NADH formed by one glucose molecule during Kreb's cycle are:
6
93
In what stage of aerobic respiration are 2+ carbon molecules oxidized completely to carbon dioxide?
Kreb's cycle
94
FADH2 is produced during:
Krebs cycle
95
Complete the breakdown of glucose molecule takes place in which of the following:
Aerobic respiration
96
Glycolysis takes place in:
Cytosol
97
Phosphofructokinase enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate into:
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
98
What is the coenzyme that facilitates the oxidation of fumarate?
FAD
99
Where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur?
Cytosol
100
Acetyl CoA completely is oxidized to carbon dioxide and liberate
➡ATP
➡NADH
➡FADH
101
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
Glycolysis
102
What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
103
Oxaloacetate combines with which molecule to enter the Kreb's cycle again?
Acetyl CoA
104
Hexokinase plays role in:
Glycolysis
105
Glucose is converted to ___ before entering the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
106
Hexokinase is the enzyme found in:
➡Glycolysis
➡Pentose pathway
107
Succinate is oxidized and forms:
FADH2
108
If a molecule is reduced it gains:
➡Energy
➡Electrons
➡Hydrogen protons
109
ATP synthase is located in the mitochondria:
Inner membrane
110
What is the final product of the Krebs cycle:
Oxaloacetate
111
From one pyruvate passing through the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are formed?
3
112
Cellular respiration is essentially what type of process:
Redox
113
What are the products of respiration in plants?
➡CO2
➡H2O
➡ATP
114
The pay-off phase of glycolysis conserve:
ATP
115
Fatty acid releases a considerable amount of energy in oxidation during:
Krebs cycle
116
How many carbons does citrate have in the Krebs cycle?
4
117
What is formed at the end of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
➡G3P
➡Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
118
The end product of the citric acid cycle:
➡CO2
➡H2O
119
Oxaloacetate contains how many carbon atoms?
4
120
FADH2 is produced in?
Krebs cycle
121
Hans Krebs discovered ___.
Citric acid cycle
122
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by:
High concentration of ATP
123
A high concentration of NADH inhibits:
Pyruvate decarboxylase
124
An Aldo sugar that is intermediate between respiration and photosynthesis?
Glyceraldehyde-3 -Phosphate
125
G3P is converted into glucose phosphate in:
Chloroplast
126
An 18-carbon fatty acid is converted into how many acetyl-CoA molecules?
9
(Acetyl-CoA has 2 carbon atoms)
127
Deamination of fatty acids takes place in:
Liver
128
Which is not true for the dark reactions?
➡Does not require light❌
➡It uses ATP❌
➡Also called Z-scheme✅
➡G3P is produced❌
129
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
Calvin Cycle
130
Which is associated with the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide fixation
131
The product o the dark reaction is:
G3P
132
If 12 NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle, then how many glucose molecules will be formed?
One
(6➡NADPH forms 1/2 G3P)
133
Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 pathway due to;
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
134
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9ATP + 6NADPH2
135
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
136
Iron-containing protein is;
Ferredoxin
137
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the sugar in the:
Calvin Cycle
138
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation:
CO2
139
The products of cyclic phosphorylation are/are:
ATP
140
The mechanism of photophosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Chloroplast
141
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drives the formation of ATP is:
Chemisoosmis
142
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Chemiosmosis
143
The Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
144
The dark reaction in photosynthesis occurs in:
Stroma
145
What is correct about RuBP?
Most abundant protein in nature
146
Which one is not the phase cycle of the Calvin Cycle?
Phosphorylation
147
Which of the following are the end products of the light-dependent stage, used in the Calvin cycle to change glycerate 3-phosphate into triose phosphates:
➡NADP
➡ATP
148
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is :
Rubisco
(Found in the stroma of chloroplast)
149
Which of the following organisms have the greatest problem with photorespiration?
C3 plants
150
In which stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?
Light independent reaction
151
The stage of photosynthesis that actually produces sugar is ____.
Calvin cycle
152
ATP molecules are consumed during which process?
Glycolysis
153
Molecular oxygen is released during:
Light reactions in photosynthesis
154
When is sugar formed in photosynthesis?
Light independent reaction
155
Which one is a light gathering structure?
Antenna complex
156
The molecular formula of chlorophyll b is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
157
Light reaction place in/on:
Thylakoids
158
Calvin cycle is:
Independent of light
159
RubisCO converts the addition of ____ RUBP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
CO2
160
Location of dark reactions in chloroplast:
Stroma
161
How many carbon atoms are present in a molecule of RUBISCO?
5
162
How many carbon atoms are present in Ribulose phosphate?
5
163
It moves in a cyclic manner in cyclic photophosphorylation:
Electrons
164
How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of carbohydrate:
3
165
Which enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane that facilitates chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
166
Out of the 6 molecules of G3P, how many molecules are used to make glucose?
1
167
What does ATP provide during photosynthesis?
Chemical Energy
168
Which reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO?
Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
169
Enzymes for light-dependent reactions are present in:
Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
170
The water splitting step of photosynthesis is called;
Photolysis
171
In photosynthesis dark reaction is called so because:
It does not require light energy
172
How much net gain of G3P is obtained after one Calvin Cycle?
1
173
Which one of these occurs in dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Synthesis of PGAL
174
The path of electrons in the two photosystems is called:
Z scheme
175
The G3P is the end product of:
Calvin cycle
176
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for ____.
Reduction of NADP
177
The part of chloroplast where CO2 is fixed to manufacture sugar is?
Stroma
178
NADPH2 provides one of the following?
Energized electron
179
The ATP synthesis in plants during the ETC is called:
Photophosphorylation
180
Which molecule passes the mitochondrial membrane to begin the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
181
The most important photosynthetic pigment is
Chlorophyll a
182
For every three molecules of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle how much G3P is produced?
6
183
Find out the correct sequence for movement of electrons during the light-dependent reaction;
Water, p680, p700, NADP
184
Photosystem I absorbs the maximum wavelength of light?
700
185
Which two reactions occur during photophosphorylation?
ATP is synthesized and NADP is reduced
186
Photosystems are located in:
Thylakoid membrane
187
What are the different stages of the Calvin cycle?
➡Carbon fixation
➡Reduction
➡Regeneration
188
Carbon dioxide is fixed in:
Dark reaction
189
The reaction of carbon dioxide and RUBP is catalyzed by:
RuBisCo
190
Chlorophylls are found embedded in the ____ membranes.
Thylakoid
191
Where do the light reactions take place?
Thylakoid membrane
(Light reaction)
192
The final acceptor of electrons during the non-cyclic electron pathway is:
NADP+
193
Each photon of light excites how many electrons?
1
194
Water splits during photosynthesis in/on:
Interior space of thylakoid
195
NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from:
Ferredoxin to NADP+
196
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Water➡P680➡P700➡NADP+
197
Which statement is not true about the non-cyclic electron pathway?
Carbon dioxide fixation
198
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
199
Z-scheme is another name used for:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
200
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for:
Reduction of NADP+
201
It is the most energy-rich compound:
NADH
202
The synthesis of ATP in the presence o oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
203
Where does the molecular mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Mitochondria
204
Photosystem II has molecules which absorb maximum light o;
680nm
205
The point at which there are no net exchange o gases between leaves and the atmosphere is known as:
Compensation point
206
if more oxygen is present, the RuBisCO starts:
Photorespiration
207
Which type of light causes the highest rate of photosynthesis?
Red
208
About what % of photosynthesis is carried by terrestrial plants, while the rest occurs in ocean, lakes, and ponds
10
209
Which cells absorb carbon dioxide in lea?
Mesophyll cells
210
Bacteriochlorophylls do not include which of the following?
➡Chlorophyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Chlorophyll c
211
The part of chlorophyll molecule that is embedded in the core of the thylakoid membrane is:
Hydrophobic
212
The electrons from Ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ are transferred by which enzyme?
NADP reductase
213
The molecular formula for chlorophyll a is:
NADP reductase
214
The molecular formula of chlorophyll a is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
215
The wavelength of light that the plants mainly absorb:
Red
216
The first action spectrum was obtained by:
T.W Engelmann
217
The first action spectrum was obtained by using:
Spirogyra
218
Organisms used ___ as a source of hydrogen.
Hydrogen sulphide
219
Water insoluble photosynthetic pigment:
➡Chlorphyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Caretonids
220
Photosynthesis is absent in:
Mushrooms
221
What is the colour of xanthophyll pigment?
Yellow
222
What do two peaks in the action spectrum represent?
Consumption of Carbon Dioxide
223
These are all inorganic compounds except:
C6H12O6
224
What is generated during non-cyclic flow photosynthesis?
➡ATP
➡NADPH
➡Oxygen
225
What is the correct order of energy transfer from accessory pigments to main photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a
226
What type of plant cells carry out photosynthesis?
Parenchymatous cells
227
Which chemical reactions occur during the process of photosynthesis?
➡Oxidation
➡Reduction
228
Photosynthesis is a process in which ___ compounds of carbon and hydrogen are reduced to carbohydrate (Glucose) using light energy.
Energy Poor
229
Magnesium is important for the synthesis of which the following?
Chlorophyll
230
Va Neil's hypothesis about the production o oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigation on?
Bacteria
231
The rate of photosynthesis does not depend upon:
Quality of light
232
Quantitive study of energy relationships in biological systems obeys:
Laws of thermodynamics
233
The graph that shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths in photosynthesis is?
Action spectrum
234
The percentage of light absorbed by the leaf is:
0.01
235
Which of the following statement about the head of the chlorophyll molecule is incorrect?
➡It is a porphyrin ring or tetrapyrrole ring❌
➡It is lat, square and light absorbing❌
➡Composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms with magnesium as a central metal ion❌
➡It is hydrophobic✅
236
What does NADPH2 provide during photosynthesis?
Energized electron
237
Carotenoids perform a protective function in which of the following organisms?
Plants
238
Chlorophyll molecule contains which of the following as a central metal ion?
Mg+2
239
In all plants the major sites for photosynthesis are:
Leaf
240
The organisms able to use sunlight directly as a source o energy are:
Plants
241
Which one is not an energy-releasing process?
Photosynthesis
242
Which pair of areas within a chloroplast will show the steepest pH gradient between them?
➡Stroma
➡Thylakoid interior space
243
Excretory products of autotrophic plants:
O2
244
Autotrophs live best in ___ in the environment
Inorganic
245
It is false about ATP
It is produced by the endoplasmic reticulum
246
Breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about KCal of energy:
7.3 KCal
247
The primary function of ATP is:
Energy source
248
One o the most important molecules found in living organisms is ATP. What is its major function?
The energy source of cell
249
Which one is a dollar of the cell?
ATP
250
A spectrophotometer is used to measure:
Absorption of different wavelengths
251
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelengths of light during photosynthesis?
Action Spectrum
(reported by T.W Engelmann)
252
The conversion of light energy into chemical energy is a function of;
Grana
(Light-dependent phase of photosynthesis)
253
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is:
Water
(reported by Van Neils hypothesis)
254
Van Neil's hypothesis about the production of oxygen during photosynthesis was based on the study and investigations on:
Bacteria
255
The wavelength of blue light that is absorbed maximum by pigments:
430 nm➡Blue
670 nm➡Red
256
Which of the following groups does not use water as a proton donor?
Cyanobacteria
(bacteria use H2S only as proton donor)
257
Air contains ___ percentage of carbon dioxide
0.03-0.04
258
Carotenoids absorb strongly:
Blue-violet (absorb this range)
➡Carotenoids are Yellow and Red to Orange pigments
259
Magnesium is a central part of:
Porphyrin ring
260
Chlorophyll consists of:
A head of four pyrrole rings and a phytol tail
261
The following is the correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments:
Carotenoids ➡Chl.b ➡Chl.a
262
All of the followings are differences between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b except:
➡Chlorophyll a has different types while Chlorophyll b has a single type❌
➡Chlorophyll a have a functional group -CH3 but Chlorophyll b has -CHO❌
➡Chlorophyll a is a necessary pigment but Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment❌
➡Chlorophyll a is present in the antenna complex while Chlorophyll b is in the reaction centre✅
263
The location of the phytol tail of chlorophyll b is:
Thylakoid membrane
(Hydrophobic core)
264
Which one of the following is not a function of carotenoids?
Convert light energy into chemical energy
265
Location of photosynthetic pigments in purple sulphur bacteria:
Cytoplasm
266
PS-I is named as it:
Discovered earlier than PS-II
267
Photosystem II has a reaction centre of:
P680
(Chlorophyll a)
268
During cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons pass from all except:
Photosystem II
269
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the "lack of photosystem II" in these organisms would be:
To do experiments to generate an action spectrum
270
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
271
Red corpuscles to haemoglobin as chloroplasts are to:
Palisade cells
272
The instrument used to measure the relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light are:
Spectrophotometer
273
Which of the following is not an Accessory pigment
Chlorophyll a
274
Light wavelength least absorbed by chlorophyll is:
Yellow
275
One of the accessory pigments carotenes are mostly:
Red to Orange
276
Appliance Photosynthetic pigments Xanthopylls are:
Yellow in colour
277
The accessory photosynthetic pigments found in chloroplasts are:
➡Chlorphyll b
➡Carotenes
278
The head of the chlorophyll molecule is a complex molecule of:
Porphyrin Ring
279
The porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made up of a few joined smaller:
Pyrrole rings
280
The long hydrocarbon tail of chlorophyll attached to the pyrrole ring is called:
Phytol
281
Hamee portion o haemoglobin contains:
Fe++
282
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
283
Chlorophyll molecule contains except:
Iron
284
Which metal atom is present in chlorophyll?
Mg
285
The molecular formula of chlorophyll "a" is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
286
The molecular formula of chlorophyll "b" is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
287
Chlorophyll "a" is:
Blue Green
288
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly wavelength :
Violet-Blue
289
Chlorophylls absorb mainly wavelength :
Violet-BLue
290
A graph plotting absorption of light of different wavelengths by a pigment is called:
Absorption Spectrum
291
The maximum absorption peaks of light are:
430-670
292
The first action spectrum was obtained by ____ 1883
T.W.Engelmann
293
The amount of Carbon dioxide present in the air is about:
0.03 to 0.04
294
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
295
The percentage of photosynthesis carried out by terrestrial pants is about:
10
296
Photosynthetic pigments are organized into clusters, called:
Photosystems
297
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs best the light of:
680 nm
298
ATP synthesis in the presence of light is called:
Photophosphorylation
299
At which times there is no net gaseous exchange between leaves and the atmosphere?
➡Dawn
➡Dusk
300
Which of the following is a compensation point?
Photosynthesis and respiration occur at the same rate.
301
Photosynthetic pigments are organized in form of?
Photosystems
302
The number of chloroplasts in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-100
303
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
BIoenergetics
304
Important sources of atmospheric oxygen released during photosynthesis are:
Water
305
Accessory photosynthetic pigments xanthophylls are:
Yellow in colour
306
The area of leaf surface covered by stomata is only:
1-2%
307
The first action spectrum was obtained by;
T.W. Engelmann
308
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through::
Stomata
309
Photosynthetic pigments are the substances that absorb visible light having a wavelength
380-750 nm
310
Chlorophyll "a" is:
Blue-green
311
Hame portion of haemoglobin is the same as the porphyrin ring with a difference of:
Iron atom
312
The number of chloroplast in each mesophyll cell is about:
20-200
313
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
iron
314
Total photosynthesis is carried out by the terrestrial plants in about:
20%
315
Each mesophyll cell of a leaf has chloroplasts about:
2-100
316
Which wavelength of light is least absorbed by chorohpylls?
Yellow
317
Photosynthetic pigments organized into clusters are called:
Photosystems
318
The carotenes are mostly red to:
Orange
319
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll 'a" which absorb best the light of:
680 nm
320
Photosynthetic pigments in plants are organized into clusters called:
Photosystems
321
A quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called:
Bioenergetics
322
The hypothesis that plants split water as a source of hydrogen was given by:
Van Neil
323
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Glycolysis
324
Energy-poor inorganic oxidized compounds are reduced to energy-rich carbohydrates during:
Photosynthesis
325
The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast is:
Stroma
326
Magnesium of chlorophyll is replaced in haemoglobin by:
Iron
327
The first action spectrum was obtained by T.W Engelmann in 1883 working on:
Spirogyra
328
Chlorophyll is insoluble in:
Water
329
The light falling on the leaf surface is absorbed about:
1%
330
haem portion of haemoglobin is also a porphyrin ring but contains an iron atom instead of:
Magnesium Ion
331
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
332
The dark reactions occur in:
Stroma
333
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
334
Iron contains protein is;
Ferredoxin
335
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drivers the formation of ATP is called:
Chemiosmosis
336
Which one is not the phase of the Calvin cycle?
Phosphorylation
337
FADH2 is produced during the following step of the Krebs cycle:
Succinate to fumarate
338
The water splitting step of photosynthesis that releases oxygen is called:
Photolysis
339
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation?
Isocitrate
340
The spitting of water and release of O2 during light reactions are:
Photolysis
341
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the synthesis of sugar is the:
Calvin cycle
342
Rubisco is the most abundant protein in:
Chloroplast
343
Rubisco is;
An enzyme
344
Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
345
Photosystem II has the form of chlorophyll which absorbs the best light of;
680 nm
346
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis comes from:
H2O
347
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
348
Ferredoxin is a protein that contains;
Iron
349
The final product of glycolysis is:
Pyruvate
350
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
351
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
7.3 KCal
352
Enzymes involved in cellular respiration are found in:
Mitochondria
353
The first step of the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
354
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondria unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
355
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
356
The end product of glucose breakdown during glycolysis is:
Pyruvic acid
357
The amount of glucose converted into ATP during anaerobic respiration is:
2%
358
Glycolysis is the breakdown o glucose up to the formation of:
Pyruvic acid
359
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme
360
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
361
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
362
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
363
The formula of lactic acid is:
C3H4O3
364
The amount of energy present within the chemical bonds of glucose is converted:
1%
365
The chemical links between catabolism and anabolism are:
ATP
366
Glycolysis means the breakdown of:
Glucose
367
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb's cycle FADH2 molecules are formed:
1
368
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of;
Glycolysis
369
The process of glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
370
Cytochromes contains:
Iron
371
Kreb's cycle takes place in:
Mitochondria
372
Carotenoids absorb strongly
Blue violet
373
The most abundant protein in chloroplast is
Rubisco
374
Magnesium a central part of
Porphyrin ring
375
The products of photosynthesis in green plants are
Glucose, Oxygen and water
376
Location of phytol tail of chlorophyll B is
Thylakoid membrane
377
PS-1 is named as it
Discovered earlier than PS-2
378
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is
Water
379
Which one of the following is not function of carotenoids
Convert light energy into chemical energy
380
Which of the following is correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non cycling photophosphorylation?
Water------P680------P700-----NADP+
381
Chlorophyll consists of
A head of 4 pyrrole rings and a phytol tail
382
Following is correct sequence of energy transfer between photosynthetic pigments
Carotenoids----Chlorophyll B-----Chlorophyll A
383
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy is function of
Grana
384
All of the following are differences between chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B except
Chlorophyll A is present in antenna Complex while chlorophyll B is in reaction centre
385
Spectrophotometer is used to measure
Absorption of different wavelengths
386
Which shows the effectiveness of wavelength of light driving photosynthesis
Action spectrum
387
Incorrect statement for photosynthesis is
It uses oxygen
388
Which is not true for dark reaction
Also called Z-scheme
389
Where does the light reactions take place
Thylakoid membrane
390
Each photon of light excites how many electrons
1
391
Water splits during photosynthesis in
Interior space of thylakoid
392
During cyclic photophosphorylation electrons pass from all except
Photo system 2
393
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecule
Calvin cycle
394
Which statement is not true about the non cyclic electron pathway
Carbon dioxide fixation
395
Which is most necessary associated with Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide fixation
396
The product of dark reaction is
G3P
397
The final acceptor of electrons during the noncyclic electron pathway is
NADP+
398
If 12 NADPH are used in Calvin cycle then how many glucose molecules will be formed
1
399
Calvin cycle is also known as C3 pathway due to
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
400
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
401
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9 ATP + 6 NADPH2
402
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves
Chemiosmosis
403
NADP+ reductase transfers electron from
Ferredoxin to NADP+
404
How much energy is released by breaking a terminal phosphate group of ATP
7.3 kilo calories
405
What happens in glycolysis when Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted into two 3 carbon compound
No ATP and NADH used
406
Water is released during conversion of
2-Phosphoglycerate-----PEP
407
The oxidation of succinate produces
F A D H 2
408
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during
Kreb's cycle
409
When products of glycolysis passes through Kreb's cycle, it will produce
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
410
Acetyl-CoA formation is from
Pyruvate and Coenzyme
411
Which one of following give more ATP in ETC
NADH
412
Biological oxidation involves removal of hydrogen, linked with specific coenzymes and is catalyzed by
Dehydrogenases
413
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electron in respiratory chain
Oxygen
414
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidised and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A, carbon dioxide and one molecule of
NADH
415
Electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to
Create Proton gradient
416
The precursor of fumarate during Kreb's cycle require _____ for fumarate synthesis
Succinate dehydrogenase
417
Starting from end products of glycolysis, how many CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Kreb's cycle
3
418
In respiratory chain, FADH2 causes reduction of
Coenzyme Q
419
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP
Chemiosmosis
420
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by
Increase in NADH
421
Phosphorylation of ADP during glycolysis occurs via
Substrate level phosphorylation
422
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3bisphosphoglycerate ----3 phosphoglycerate
423
In cellular respiration, product formed as a result of release of energy
ATP
424
Which of the following process is used in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
425
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is
38 ATP
426
In yeast pyruvic acid is converted to
Ethyl alcohol
427
About 2% energy of chemical bonds of glucose is converted into ATP by
Fermentation
428
This process may has CO2 as it products
Fermentation
429
C3H6O3 formation relates to
Fermentation
430
Cellular respiration is essentially a/an _______ process
Oxidation
431
Which of the following types of mammalian cell does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation
Erythrocytes
432
The difference between respiration and combustion is related to respiration being
All of these
Multi step reactions
enzyme controlled
intracellular
433
In plants energy is released during the process of
Respiration
434
During process of lactic acid fermentation
NADH is oxidised
435
The molecule regenerated by fermentation
NAD+
436
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem2, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem2 in these organisms would be
To test for Liberation of O2 in the light
437
Z-scheme is another name used for
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
438
PS-|| has reaction centre of
P680
439
Which of the following is a molecule formed in a metabolic pathway by the equal splitting of phosphorylated hexose into two halves
Triose phosphate
440
What is the function of molecular Oxygen in cellular respiration
To combine with hydrogen from organic molecules to produce water
441
How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete oxidation of one mole of pyruvate
3
442
The reaction which occurs in thylakoid interior space
Photolysis
443
In photosynthetic prokaryotes which of the following might be absent
Grana
444
The wavelength of light least absorbed by carotenes are
Blue to green
445
What will be the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms respectively in the tail of chlorophyll B molecule
20,39
446
A plant shifts from cyclic to non cyclic flow of electrons when
Assimilating power is restored
447
Photo system 1 and 2 are differentiated on the basis of their
Chlorophyll A
448
In which of the following steps NADH is formed without decarboxylation
Malate-----oxaloacetate
449
The oxidation of which of the following will produce FADH2
Succinate
450
Light energy is converted into chemical energy through the formation of
ATP and NADPH2
451
Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis consists of
Cyclic and non cyclic phosphorylation
452
The by product of photosynthesis is
Oxygen
453
Stroma is ground matrix of
Chloroplast
454
In which wavelength of light photosynthes is maximum
Red light
455
Source of protons within the chloroplast is
Water
456
Dark reactions of carbon assimilation occur in
Chloroplast
457
The number of carbon atoms present in ribulose
5
458
ATP molecules required for synthesis of a glucose molecule in Benson-Kelvin cycle or
18
459
Photophosphorylation is synthesis of
ATP from ADP
460
When a molecule of pyruvic acid is subjected to anaerobic respiration and forms lactic acid then
Loss of 3 molecules of ATP
461
Incomplete break down of Sugars in anaerobic respiration forms
Alcohol and CO2
462
Following is/are obtained during cyclic photophosphorylation
ATP
463
ATP formation occurs during all of the following steps of aerobic respiration except
Pyruvic acid oxidation
464
Action spectrum of photosynthes was described in 1883 by
T.W. Engelmann
465
Conversion of NAD+ into NADH requires
2 electrons 1 proton
466
Net equation of photosynthesis is exaclty oppte to the equation of;
Aerobic respiration
467
Which of the following colour is absorbed by carotenoids and reflected by chlorphylls?
Green
468
Pyrrole rings of chlorphylls are composed of:
➡Carbon
➡Nitrogen
469
When equal intensities of light are given, there is more photosynthesis
Red
470
These are least abosorbed by chlorphylls:
Green-Yellow
471
Which two elements are common in porphyrin ring and phytol of chlorophyll?
➡Carbon
➡Hydrogen
472
All life on this planet Earth is powered directly or indirectly by
Solar Energy
473
The most efficient wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is off;
Red Colour
474
The entry of CO2 in leaves mainly depends upon:
Opening of stomata
475
How many photons are required to excite electron from chlorophyll molecule?
1
476
The first step in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is;
Photoexcitation of electrons
477
During chemiosmosis in photosynthesis, protons are pumped from:
Stroma to thylakoid space
478
Photoexcited electrons pass from PS II to PS I via:
Electron Transport Chain
479
Mechanism of formaton of ATP during photosynthesis is called;
Chemiosmosis
480
NADPH provides ___ during light indepedent phase of photosynthesis:
➡Electrons
➡Energy
➡Protons
481
It is the final acceptor of electrons in light dependent phase of photosynthesis:
NADP+
482
In light independent stage of photosynthesis, the CO2 combines with RuBP to form;
Unstable 6-carbon intermediate
483
How many ATP are required to synthesize one glucose molecule through Calvin cycle?
18
484
Most of the enzymes required to produce carbohydrates molecules during photosynthesis are placed in:
Thylakoid
485
During aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized to:
➡H2O
➡CO2
➡Energy
486
it is a step of cellular respiration where energy is utilized instead of being released:
Fermentation
487
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about ____ of energy.
7.3 K cal
488
It involves complete breakdown of glucose molceule
Aerobic respiration
489
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
490
It is an energy consuming conversion of glycolysis:
Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
491
The end product of the preparatory phase of glycolysis is:
G3P
492
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Kreb's cycle?
Acetyl CoA
493
All of the following changes are associated with pyruvate during pyruvic acid oxidation except;
Phosphorylation
494
Normally oxidative phosphorylation is coupled with:
Respiratory chain
495
The last molecule of ATP in the respiratory chain is produced when :
Cytochrome a3 is oxidized
496
Considering following pairs of respiratory chain, first one is reduced and 2nd one is oxidized all except;
Cytochrome c- Cytochrome a
497
Out of 38 ATP molecuels produced per glucose, 32 molecules are from NADH2 and FADH2 via:
Respiratory chain
498
Phase of cellular respiration during which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
Respiratory chain
499
In electron transport chain, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to;
Co-enzyme Q
500
The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is:
Oxygen
501
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized through the respiratory chain?
2
502
During cellular respiration, increased level of ATP will inhibit most commonly:
Phosphofructokinase
503
Pick the correct order of respiratory chain:
Coenzyme Q➡ Cytochrome b➡ Cytochrome a➡ cytochrome a3➡
504
It is by product of photosynthesis
O2
505
It is true about peaks and valley of action spectrum:
➡Peaks - Broader
➡Valley - Narrower
506
All of the following are accessory pigments of photosynthesis except:
Chlorophyll b
507
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from;
H2O
508
Porphyrin ring of chlorophyll is made of how many pyrrols?
4
509
How many porphyrin rings are present in a haeme of hemoglobin
1 ring
510
Most efficent wavelength to carry out photosynthesis is of:
Red colour
511
The wavelength that is abosrbed by photosyntheticc pigments will be;
Disappeared
512
All of the following are related to head of chlorophyll except:
Anchoring part
513
Nitrogen is present in ___ of chlorophyll molecule
Hydrophilic region
514
Maximum range of wavelength absorbed by chlorophyll b is:
400-500 nm
515
Entry of CO2 leaves mainly depends upon:
Opening of stomata
516
Source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is ___ not ___.
Water and CO2 respectively
517
NADP and CO2 both are reduced during photosynthesis by hydrogen. Their reduction occurs respectively in:
➡Light Reaction
➡Dark Reaction
518
It has main role in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy :
Reaction Center
519
First step in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is:
Photoexciation of electrons
520
Which of the following electron carrier of light reactions will be at lowest energy level:
Plastocyanin
521
Formation of NADPH during light dependent phase of photosynthesis is called:
Photoreduction
522
Which of the following is not involved in cyclic photophosphorylation?
Photosystem II
523
All of the following are requirements of non-cyclic photophosphrylation except:
Carbon dioxide
524
Chemical energy and energized electrons for dark reactions are provided by ____ and ____ respectively.
ATP & NADPH
525
During chemiosmosis in photosynthesis, protons pumped from ___ to ____.
Stroma to thylakoid lumen
526
During the Calvin cycle, which of the following is formed as a result of dephosphorylation
G3P
527
How many water molecules are released during one Calvin cycle?
3
528
All of the following are required for Calvin cycle except:
Light energy
529
NADPH from light reactions are involved in ___ phase of Calvin cycle.
Reduction
530
Which of the following does not contain a five-carbon sugar?
Rubisco
531
What does carbon fixation refer in Calvin cycle?
Incorporation of CO2 in RuBP
532
Formula for lactic acid is;
C3H6O3
533
It is the process by which energy is made available to cells in a step by step breakdwon o C-chain molecules in the cells
Cellular respiration
534
Acetaldehyde is formed as an intermediate compound during:
Ethanol fermentation
535
The fate of pyruvic acid depnds upon:
Availability of O2
536
During anaerobic respiration, how much energy o glucose is converted into ATP?
2%
537
Both ATP production and consumption are the feature of only:
Glycolysis
538
Step of cellular respiration that does not depend upon availability of oxygen is;
Glycolysis
539
It is the product of preparatory phase of glycolysis
PGAL
540
It is the product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
541
ATPs are consumed during:
Glycolysis
542
It is true about preparatory phase of glycolysis:
ATP are consumed
543
Which of the following finally produced as result of pyruvic acid oxidation before it enters Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
544
During aerobic respiration, oxidation of glucose is completed in:
Krebs cycle
545
All of the following are formed when alpha-ketoglutarate is converted into succinate during Krebs cycle except:
FADH2
546
How many molecules of NADH are formed when one glucose molceuls passes thorugh Krebs cycle?
6
547
During Krebs cycle, conversion of succinate into fumarate give rise to:
FADH2
548
The chemical formula of pyruvic acid is:
C3H4O3
549
In aerobic respiration, H2O as a final product is generated during:
Oxidative phosphorylation
550
How many electrons are removed when one NADH is oxidized thorugh respiraotry chain?
2
551
Pyruvate decarboxylase (an enzyme of cellular respiration) can be inhibited by:
⬆NADH
552
THe chemical nature o the molecule, which acts a kind of link between catabolism and anabolism is:
Ribonucleotide
553
When o the following metabolic processes occur without a net influx of energy from some other process?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡6CO2 + 6H2O
554
Energy is released in all of the following processes except:
Photosynthesis
555
The first acton spectrum was obtained by T.W Engelman by working on:
Spriogyra
556
Identify the correct option with respect to the absorption spectrum of photosynthesis:
➡Peaks: Narrow
➡Valley: Broad and Deep
557
The wavelength which is least absorbed by the chlorophylls and is transmitted or reflected:
Indigo
558
Which of the following is the correct option with respect to the head of chlorophyll molecules?
Cyclic and Tetra-pyrrole structures
559
The most abundant protein in the universe in found in:
Stroma
560
Characteristic grass green colour of chlorphyll pgent is due to:
Tetrapyrrole complex with Mg+2
561
The CO2 acceptor moelcule in Calvin-Benson pathway is:
RuBP
562
The specific function of light energy in the process of photosynthesis is to:
Activate chlorophyll
563
During photosynthessi, when PGA is changed into phosphoglyceraldehyde, the following reaction occurs?
Reduction
564
Find out the correct sequence or movement of electrons during the light-dependent reactions:
Water➡p680➡p700➡NADP+
565
The electrons excited from photo system-II pass directly to:
Plastoquinone
566
The suspension of isolated thylakoids in culture medium containing CO2 does not produce hexose because:
CO2 assimilation does not occur in thylakoids
567
The sequential energy changes in photosynthesis are:
Light➡Chemical Energy
568
Photosystem-I and photosystem-II are found in:
Grana of chloroplast
569
Krebs cycle is mainly related with:
ATP synthesis
569
Number of CO2 molecules evolved in glycolysis is:
0
570
Anaerobic respiraton results in the synthesis of:
2 ATP olecules
571
First product of TCA cycle is a:
6C compound
572
NAD+ and FAD+ used as H-acceptor in aerobic respriation are:
Dinucleotides
573
Instant source of energy is:
Glucose
574
Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid needs:
Multi-Enzyme complex
575
Conversion of succinate to fumarate in Krebs cycle is due to:
Removal of hydrogen
575
Conversion of succinate to fumarate in Krebs cycle is due to:
Removal of hydrogen
576
All of the following membranes are involved in chemiosmosis except:
Tonoplast
577
Last electron acceptor in ETS is:
Oxygen
578
The intermediate compound common for aerobic and anaerobic respiration:
Pyruvic acid
579
Fermentation products produced by the yeast are
Ethyl acohol +CO2
580
The formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid is the result of its:
Oxidative Decarboxylation
581
Oxidation of glucose into pyruivc acid with several intermediate steps is knwon as:
Glycolysis
582
The first compound of TCA cycle is:
Citric acid
583
ATP formation occurs when there is change in:
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate ➡ 3 phosphoglycerate
584
How many ATP molecules should be produced from the complete oxidation molecule o active acetate or acetyl CoA?
12 ATP
585
More energy is obtained from ana organic compound containing ore:
-CH2
586
Fishes in aquarium thrive better if green plants are growing there because:
Inhale O2 released by green plants
587
In oxidation of one molecule of glucose during respiration in hepatocytes, 36 molecules of ATP are liberated an follows:
2 ATP molecules outside the mitochondira and 34 ATP molecules inside the mitochondira
588
How many molecules of NADH2 are produced from each molecule of ketoglutarate to succinate conversion under aerobic conditions?
One
589
The enzyme, which converts glucose 6-phosphate is
Hexokinase
590
Ultimate requirement for aerobic respiration is:
O2
591
The number of glucose molecules required to produce 38 ATP molecules under anaerobic conditions by any yeast cell is:
19
592
Which is formed in oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP in respiraton
593
A single turn of citric acid cycle yields:
➡1 FADH2
➡3 NADH2
➡1 ATP
594
Which of the following is not a type of phosphorylation in biological systems?
Reductive phosphorylation
595
Which one is not correct about Krebs cycle?
The intermediate compound which links glycolysis with Krebs cycle is malic acid
596
Maximum number of ATP is obtained from:
Palmitic acid
597
The chemiosmosis coupling hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation process that ATP is formed because:
A proton gradient forms across the inner membrane
598
In which of the following reacton of glycolysis, a molecule of water s removed from the substrate?
2-phoshoglyceric acid ➡ Phosphoenoll Pyruvic acid
599
Which one of the following is Complex-V o the ETS on inner membrane of mitochondria?
ATP synthetase
600
Which one of the following is Complex-V of the ETSon inner membrane of mitochondria?
ATP sythetase
601
Cytochrome 'b' is reduced by:
Coenzyme Q
602
Which one of the following is Complex-V of the ETSon inner membrane of mitochondria?
ATP synthetase
603
Which one of the following reduces the productivity of plants
Photorespiration
604
First action spectrum was obtained by T.W. Engelman by working on:
Spirogyra
605
In the action spectrum of Spirogyra, aerobic bacteria least move toward the portion of the algal filament low oxygen, along the cell in ___ and ___ portion of the spectrum.
Red and Blue
606
In the photosystem, which structure is present in the periphery?
Antena Complex
607
All of the following are proteins except?
Plastoquinoone ➡Lipids
608
Chemiosmosis occurs across
Cristae of mitochondira, mesosomes and thylakoid membrane
609
These are the final roducts of non-cyclic photophosphorylaton in plants:
ATP and NADPH
610
Which of the following is the exact chemical composition of the head of chlorophyll-a?
C35H33O5N4Mg
Chlorophyll 'a' - Phytol Ring(C20H39)
611
RuBP is a __ carbon compound.
5
612
The functonal group found in chlorophyll 'b' molecule is:
-CHO
613
In photosynthesis, the pumping o protons occurs from:
Stroma to thylakod lumen
614
In the Calvin cycle, carbon is ______ and ___ to sugar.
Fxed, Reduced
615
It correctly represents the flow of electrons in cyclic photophosphorylation:
Fd➡Cytochrome➡Pc➡PS-I➡PEA
616
The absorption peaks of blue and red wavelengths are:
430nm and 670nm respectively
617
RuBisCo is involved in:
Carbon Fixation
618
Which of the following photosynthetic pigment is present in reaction center of PS-II
Chlorophyll 'a'
619
Which of the following acts as an electron donor to PS-II during lght-dependent reactions?
H2O
620
The most abundant protein is found in:
Stroma of chloroplast
621
All of the following options are related to head of chlorophyll molecules except:
Hydrophobic
622
Carotenoids abosrb mainly:
Vilet-Blue wavelength
623
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell?
It can be added to other molecules in order to activate them
624
It is the process by which chemical energy in orgnaic mmolecules s released by oxidation:
Respiraton
625
PEaks are ____ while valleys are __ in action spetrum.
Broad, Narrow
626
Formation o lactic acid from pyruvic acid is done through:
Hydrogenation
627
Cytochrome oxidase complex IV oxidizes __ and reduces ___, respectively.
Cytochrome c, oxygen
628
The input of the Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule is:
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 ADP, 2Pi, 6 NAD+, 2FAD
629
How many CO2 molecules are produced during respiration in mitochondria from one glucose molecule?
6
630
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway is another name used for:
Glycolysis
631
With respect to the preparatory phase of glycolysis,which option is correct?
2 ATP used, 0 NADH produced
632
The total number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic repsiration of glucose:
40
633
Why is ATP an importnat molecule in metabolism?
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and nedergonc reactons
634
ATP molecule is generated in all of the following reactions except:
Fructose 6 Phosphate ➡Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
635
ATP molecule is generated in all of the following reactions except:
Fructose 6 Phosphate ➡Fructoasdse 1,6-bisphosphate
636
In bacteria, ETC is associated with:
Plasma Membrane
637
Pyruvic acid oxidation occurs in:
Mitochondiral Membrane
638
Pyruvic acid oxidation occurs in:
Mitochondrial Membrane
639
All of the following are associated with dehydrogenation except:
➡Isocitrate▶α-ketoglutarate❌
➡α-ketoglutatrate ▶Succinate❌
➡G3P▶BPG❌
➡Fumarate▶Malate✅
640
During aerobic respiration, glucose is converted into lactate in:
Cytosol
641
common reaction for both aeroibc and anerobic respiraton is:
GLycolysis
642
The common reacton for both aeroib and anerobic respiration is:
Glycolysis
643
It yields aldo and keto trisoses at the same time:
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
644
Which o the following is a higher energy substrate than others?
Lipids
645
In the respriatory chain which of the following is not produced?
NADH
646
The correct order of energy transer from photosynthetic pigments is:
Carotenoids ➡Chl. b ➡Chl-a
647
Citric acid cycle is another name for:
Krebs Cycle
648
How many NADH are produced when one yruvate is completely oxidized?
4
649
During which step in Krebs cycle oxidative decarboxylation occurs:
α-ketoglutarate to Succinate
650
During one Krebs cycle __- water mlecules are ___.
3, Consumed
651
The ened product of glycolyss in yeast is:
Pyruvic acid
652
Which of the following is a ten-step reaction?
Glycolysis
653
In the Krebs cycle, FADH2 is produced during the conversion of:
Succinate to fumarate
654
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
It is lost in the environment
655
Inside the stroma of chloroplast, there is a suspended:
Membrane system and set of enzymes
656
Chlorophyll molecules are found embedded in:
Thylakoid Membrane
657
Electron acceptors of photosynthetic electron transport chain are parts of:
Thylakoid Membrane
658
Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb light energy which is converted into chemical energy of:
ATP and NADPH
659
The substances that absorb visible light are called:
Pigments
660
Different pigments absorb light of:
Different Wavelengths
661
An instrument used to measure relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelengths of light is called:
Spectrophotometer
662
Thylakoid membranes contain
Several kinds of pigments
663
Carotenes are mostly:
Red to orange
664
These broaden the absorption and utilization of light
Yellow and red to orange pigments
665
Chlorophylls found in photosynthetic bacteria are called:
Bacteriochlorophylls
666
Green, yellow and indigo wavelengths of light are least absorbed by
Chlorophylls
667
Plants appear green, because:
Darker green coor masks over the yellow colour
668
The light absorbing hydrophilic part of chlorophyll is:
lat and square shaped
669
Porphyrin ring represents the
Hydrophilic head o chlorophyll
670
Chlorophyll head is made up of:
Four joined pyrrole ring
671
In chlorophyll head an atom of magnesium is coordinated with the:
Nitrogen of each pyrrole ring
672
Haem group of hemoglobin differs from porphyrin of chlorophyll in having:
Iron as central atom
673
Long tail of chlorophyll which is attached to one of the pyrrole is:
Phytol or Hydrocarbon Tail
674
The chlorophyll molecule is embedded in the hydrophobic core of:
Thylakoid Membrane by its tail
675
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b differ from each other in only one of the:
Functonal Groups
676
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b differ from each other with respect to the number of:
Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
677
As compared to chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b have:
Two less hydrogen atoms and one more oxygen atoms
678
As compared to chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a have:
Two more hydrogen atom and one less oxygen atom
679
Chlorophyll a can be converted into chlorophyll b by replacing
Methyl group with carbonyl group
680
Chlorophyll b can be converted into chlorophyll a by replacing
Carbonyl group with methyl group
681
Some wavelengths ________ by chlorophyll a are ________ by chlorophyll b
Not absorbed, very effectively absorbed
682
Due to slight difference in their _________, the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b show slightly different _________.
Structuer, Absorption Spectra
683
Difference in structure of different pigments
Increase the range of light wavelengths
being absorbed
684
Chlorphyll a is:
BLue-Green
685
Chlorophyll b is:
Yellow-Green
686
The most important photosynthetic pigment is:
Chlorophyll-a
687
It takes part directly in the light dependent reactions:
Chlorophyll-a
688
The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy is carried out directly in:
Chlorphyll-a
689
Chlorophyll a itself exists in:
Several Forms
690
Chlorophyll b is found along with chlorophyll a in:
All greeen plants and ew algae
691
Chlorophylls are soluble in:
Carbon tetrachloride and alcohol
692
Pick up the one(s) called as an accessory pigments:
Carotenoids and Xanthohpylls
693
They absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a via chlorophyll b:
Carotenods
694
The order of transfer of energy is:
Carotenoids ➡Chlorophyll b ➡Chlorophyl a
695
Some carotenoids protect chlorophyll from intense light by:
Absorbing and dissipating excessive light energy
696
Protection against intense light is
provided by carotenoids to:
Chlorophyll a and human eyes
697
Absorption spectrum for chlorophyll indicates that absorption is maximum in:
Blue and Red parts of spectrum
698
An absorption spectrum of chlorophylls
have:
Two peaks, One Valley
699
Pick up the one having broadest valley:
Absorption spectrum of chlorphyll a
700
The absorptive peaks in the absorption
spectrum of chlorophyll b are at the
wave length of:
460-640 nm
701
Photosynthesis is a process in which:
Reducton of CO2 and oxidaton of H2O occurs
702
The reactions of photosynthesis consists
of:
Two Phases
703
In photosynthesis reducing power and assimilatory power is synthesized during
Light Reaction
704
For synthesis of sugar by reducing CO2, NADPH2 provides:
Energized elecrons
705
The phase of photosynthesis in which sugar is synthesized by reducing CO2 is also called as dark reaction because:
It does not require light
706
Photosynthetic pigments are organized into clusters called
Photosystems
707
Each photosystem consists of a light gathering:
Antenna Complex and a reaction centre
708
The reaction centre of photosystem have
One or moe molecules of chlorophyll a and prmary elecron acpetor
709
There are two photosystems associated with photosynthesis which have been named in order of their discovery as
PS-I and PS-II
710
Photosystem – I has a form of chlorophyll a which absorbs best the light of:
700 nm
711
Associated nearby each reaction centre of a photosystem, there is a specialized molecule called:
Primary Electron acceptor
712
Pick up the photosynthetic electrontransport which is predominant:
Non-Cyclin Electron flow or Z-Scheme
713
The photosynthetic electron transport which involved only photosystem – I is called:
Cyclic electron Flow
714
The formation of ATP during non-cyclic electron flow is called:
Non-Cyclic Phosphorylation
715
Formation of ATP during cyclic electron flow is called:
Cyclic Phosphorylaton
716
The splitting up of water molecule into two hydrogen ions and an oxygen atom, by light is called:
Photolysis of water
717
The correct sequence of electron carriers which receive the electrons from primary electron acceptor of PS-II and pass it to PS-I:
PQ ➡Cytochrome Complex ➡PC
718
Pick up the one not involved in cyclic electron flow of light reaction of photosynthesis
PQ
719
As electrons move down the photosynthetic electron transport chain their energy goes on decreasing and is used by thylakoid membrane to produce:
ATP
720
The chemical energy for the synthesis of sugar during the Calvin cycle, is provided by the:
ATPs generated by light reactions
721
Pick up the correct flow of electrons in second electron transport chain of noncyclic photophosphorylation
PS-I ➡Primary acceptor of PS-I➡Fd➡NADP
722
This pathway uses the photosystem-I,but not photosystem-II:
Cyclic electronn Flow
723
During cyclic photophosphorylation ATP is generated by the:
Coupling of ETC by chemiosmosis
724
The mechanism for ATP synthesis is chemiosmosis in:
Both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
725
The details of path of carbon in dark reaction of photosynthesis were discovered by Melvin, Calvin and his colleagues at:
Universty of California
726
The cyclic series of reactions, by which the carbon is fixed and reduced resulting in the synthesis of sugar is called:
Calvin Cycle
727
First phase of Calvin cycle is:
Fixation of CO2
728
The Calvin cycle begins when a molecule of CO2 reacts with a highly reactive phosphorylated five carbon sugar named:
Ribulose Biphoshate
729
During the first step of reduction phase of Calvin cycle following change occurs:
3PGA ➡1,3 BPGA
730
The assimilatory and reducing powers synthesized in light reaction of photosynthesis are utilized in:
Reduction phase of Calvin cycle
731
The phase of Calvin cycle in which less ATPs of light reaction are used is
Regenartion
732
The number of CO2, NADPH and ATP molecules respectively required for one Calvin cycle are
3, 6, 9
733
The number of CO2, NADPH2 and ATP molecules required to synthesize one maltose molecule from the output of Calvin cycle is respectively
12, 24, 36
734
The ratio of CO2, NADPH2 and ATP molecules required to synthesize one glucose molecule from the output of C3 pathway is respectively:
1,2,3
735
The ratio of CO2, NADPH2 and ATP molecules required for one calvin cycle is:
1,2,3
736
The ratio of CO2, NADPH2 and ATP molecules required to synthesize starch from the output of Calvin cycle is
1, 2, 3
737
3CO2 + 6NADPH + 9ATP ➡ (CH2O)3 + 6NADP + 9ADP + 9Pi + 3H2O
It is sumary of equation of:
Dark reactons of photosythesis
738
Which of the following is the overall equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ➡C6H12O6 + 6O2
739
Photosynthesis is an oxidation-reduction process in which __________ is oxidized.
H2O
740
O2 release and NADPH2 synthesis occurs in
Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation
741
DAP synthesized in glycolysis is an isomer of:
G3P
742
Calvin cycle utilizes the following for fixation of 3-molecules of CO2:
9ATP and 6NADPH2
743
In the process of photosynthesis, the specific function of light energy is to:
Activate chlorophyll
744
The correct molecular formula of chlorophyll ‘a’ is
C55H70O5N4Mg
745
Basic structure of all chlorophylls comprise
Porphyri System
746
Which of the following occurs during dark phase of photosynthesis?
PGAL is synthesized
747
In glycolysis, during oxidation electrons are removed by:
NAD
748
In photosynthesis, the dark reaction is called so because it:
Does not require light energy
749
In alcohol fermentation:
Acetaldehyde is electron acceptor
750
RuBisCO catalyses the reaction between:
CO2 and Riublose-1, 5-diphosphate
751
All enzymes of TCA cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix except one which is located in inner mitochondrial membranes in eukaryotes and in cytosol in prokaryotes. This enzyme is:
Succinate dehydrogenase
752
Which one of the following would not be a limiting factor for photosynthesis?
Oxygen
753
In photosynthesis hydrogen is transferred from the ‘light’ reactions to the ‘dark’ reactions by:
NADP
754
Englemann observed that motile aerobic bacteria accumulated near areas of a filament of Spirogyra which were illuminated by red or blue light but they did not accumulate near a filament illuminated with green light. From this, he inferred that:
Red and Blue Light are ore efective in photosythesis
755
Which one of the following is represented by Calvic cycle
Reductive carboxylation
756
The electron energy transfer between accessory pigments and chlorophyll molecules takes place by
Radiation
757
Copper containing pigment involved in photosynthesis is
Plastocyanin
758
The electron transport chain of photosynthetic process is
Bound to the thyalkoid membranes
759
The trapping centre of light energy in photosystem I is:
P-700
760
In which of the following step of aerobic respiration, glucose breakdown is completed?
ETS
761
ow many oxidation steps are there in aerobic respiration?
5
762
How many ATP molecules could maximally be generated from one molecule of glucose, if
the completed oxidation of one mole of glucose to CO2 and water yields 686 Kcal and the
useful chemical energy available in the high energy phosphate bond of one mole of ATP is
12 Kcal
57
763
Which is the connecting link between glycolysis and Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
764
When one molecule of ATP is disintegrated, what amount of energy is liberated?
7 Kcal
765
Respiration is carried out by:
All leaf cells
766
Which is the correct sequence in the Krebs cycle?
Isocitric acid ➡ α-ketoglutaric acid ➡ oxalosuccinic acid
767
Synthesis of ATP in mitochondria takes place:
In the intracristae place
768
How many NADH2 molecules are required to synthesize 30 molecules of ATP through ETS?
15 molecules
769
EMP can produce a total of:
8 ATP
770
Which of the following biomolecule is common to respiration mediated breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and proteins?
Acetyl CoA
771
In how many steps, CO2 is released in aerobic respiration?
Three
772
Pyruvic acid is produced at the end of:
Glycolysis
773
During respiration in yeast:
CO2, C2H5OH and energy are end products
774
Which fractions of the visible spectrum of solar radiations are primarily absorbed by carotenoids of the higher plant
Red, Orange, Yellow, and Brown
775
In Krebs cycle, the hydrogen atoms removed at succinate level are accepted by:
FAD
776
In Krebs cycle, the hydrogen atoms removed at succinate level are accepted by:
FAD
777
Glycolysis is not needed when:
➡Lipids are used in respiration
➡Proteins are sed in respiration➡Amino acids are used in respiration
778
Glycolysis is not needed when:
➡Lipids are used in respiration
➡Proteins are used in respiration
➡Amino acids are used in respiration
779
uring respiration, the respiratory substrate is:
Only carbohydrates
780
Enzymes of respiration get inactivated when kept in:
Ice Cold water
781
Aerobic respiratory pathway is appropriately termed as
Amphibolic
782
Enzymes of glycolysis are found in
Cytosol
783
Pyruvic acid is a __________ carbon compound.
3
784
Which of the following cells do not respire?
Cork Cell
785
Most of enzymes which participate in Krebs cycle are found in
Matrx o Mitochondria
786
In which of the following, the two names refer to one and the same thing?
Tricarboxylic acid and Citric Acid Cycle
787
In which one of the following reactions, substrate level phosphorylation does not occur?
Glucos-6-Phosphate➡Fructose-6Phosphate
788
In C4 plants, carbon dioxide fixation occurs in:
Bundle Sheath Cell
789
Reduced cytochromes are _____________ in color.
Yellow
790
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is wrong?
➡Carbon dioxide molecules are bound into carbohydrates during the second half of the process❌
➡It is a catabolic process that releases the energy stored in glucose molecules✅
➡Oxygen s released as a waste product❌
➡May occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells❌
791
How does photosynthesis occur?
The products of the light reacton are used to create glucsoe from carbon dioxide
792
NADPH and ATP, formed during light reaction of photosynthesis have;
Reducing & assimilating power respectively
793
What is wrong with the dark reaction of photosynthesis?
It is independent of light reaction
794
Photolysis is the splitting of water in teh presence of:
➡Light ➡Enzymes
795
Dark reaction of photosythesis is also called as:
Calvin Cycle
796
Unidirectional flow of e n non-cyclic photophosphorylation is:
Water ➡PSII➡PSI➡NADP
797
The head and tail of chlorophyll are made up of ___ respectively.
Porphyrin & Phytol
798
Which of the following connect the priamry and secodnary processes of photosynthesis?
ATP & NADPH
799
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electron emitted by P-680 is relaced by electron from:
Water
800
Which of the following molecules are formed in the Calvin cycle while using ATP?
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate and Ribulose bisphosphate
801
Which of the following statements is true for the Calvin Cycle?
it does no depend on sunlight to operate
802
In the Calvin cycle, what is the first product formed after the entry of carbon dioxide?
3-Phosphoglycerate
803
In the Calvin Cycle, which molecule combines with carbon dioxide?
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
804
Both photosynthesis and respiration require:
Cytochromes
805
Calvin cycle consists of how many phases?
3
806
3-Phosphoglycerate is formed during ___ ophase of C3 cycle:
Carbon Fixation
807
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
808
Which of the following is not a reactant of the calvin cycle?
Oxygen
809
When carbon irst enters the Calvin cycle, what molecule does it combine with?
RuBP
810
Calvin cycle is involved in the:
Synthesis of carbohydrates
811
How many molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate s synthesized from the reaction ebtween 6CO2 and 6 RuBP?
12
812
How many ATP and NADPH molecules are used in the reducton phase to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to glyeceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
6 ATP & 6 NADPH
813
How many glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are required to synthesize one glucose molecule?
2
814
The unstable 6-carbon compound in Calvin cycle breaks down into:
Two 3-carbon compounds
815
ATPs produced in each Calvin cycle are:
0
816
For the formation on one ATP and one NADPH, the Z-scheme will run:
1-time
817
Choose the wrong statement:
PS-I involves in light reactions first and PS-II involves later on
818
How many G3P molecules are yielded during one Calvin cycle?
1
819
How many CO2 molecules are yielded during one Calvin cycle?
0
820
All of the following are involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation except:
Plastoquinone
