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BIOLOGY > UNIT#01 BIO-DIVERSITY > Flashcards

UNIT#01 BIO-DIVERSITY Flashcards

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1
Q

Which one of the following is a double-stranded virus?

A

Poxvirus

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2
Q

HIV is classified as;

A

Retrovirus

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3
Q

The genome of the influenza virus is made up of:
(Influenza virus = Enveloped)

A

Single Stranded virus

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4
Q

Polio viruses are:

A

Spherical viruses

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5
Q

Which one is not RNA virus?

A

➡Influenza Virus❌
➡Mumps and Measles virus❌
➡Polio virus✅

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6
Q

Phylogeny describes a species:

A

Evolutionary history

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7
Q

Of the following terms, which one includes all the others:

A

Class

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8
Q

Orders include related;

A

Families

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9
Q

The basic unit of classification is;

A

Species

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10
Q

Lions and tigers are different species. The result of the mating of a male tiger and female lion is offspring called Tiglions. They are:

A

Infertile

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11
Q

Some ranks of classification are listed below. In which group, would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of structure and function:

A

Species

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12
Q

Poales is the taxonomic group to which corn (Zea mays) belongs. What is the rank of the taxon Poales?

A

Order

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13
Q

The biological name of Onion is:

A

Allium cepa

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14
Q

To accommodate euglena-like organisms and bacteria, Kingdom Protista was proposed by:

A

Ernst Hackel

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15
Q

An independent organism is discovered that does not contain a nucleus. In all likelihood, I would be classified in the kingdom:

A

Monera

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16
Q

Eukaryotic multicellular Autotrophs are included in the kingdom:

A

Plantae

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17
Q

Organelle of symbiotic origin is;

A

Mitochondrion

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18
Q

Where can viruses replicate?

A

➡Animals
➡Plants
➡Bacteria

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19
Q

These are the largest animal viruses:

A

Poxviruses

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20
Q

Viruses do not have:

A

Fossil record

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21
Q

In plants, tumours are induced due to:

A

➡Bacteria
➡Virus
➡Fungi

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22
Q

Cell theory does not explain:

A

Virus

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23
Q

Which of the following has no nucleic acid?

A

Prions

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24
Q

It is a biological weapon:

A

Virus

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25
Q

Virus transmission is affected by:

A

➡Biotic Factors
➡Physical Factors

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26
Q

Viruses are _____ entities between living and non-living.

A

Transitional

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27
Q

Virus when attacks an unfamiliar organism, it is mutated many times and comes as:

A

➡More virulent and dangerous
➡More mutated
➡More transmissible

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28
Q

Viruses are classified into many groups on the basis of:

A

Capsid symmetry

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29
Q

Viruses use which of the following enzyme for the break-down of the bacterial cell walls?

A

Lysozymes

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30
Q

Viral proteins and genome in the host cell are assembled at:

A

Cytoplasm

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31
Q

The virus can bud from:

A

➡RER
➡Golgi Complex
➡Nuclear Envelope

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32
Q

_____ refers to the removal or breakdown of the capsid.

A

Uncoating

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33
Q

Which viruses enter the host cell as a whole?

A

Animal Virus (e.g. pox virus)

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34
Q

The filterable agents were first purified in 1935 when Stanley was successful in crystallizing the ____

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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35
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus was discovered by:

A

Iwanowski

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36
Q

Viruses cannot replicate in:

A

Blood Plasma

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37
Q

Members of which of the following group are all parasites?

A

Viruses

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38
Q

The volume of bacteriophage is about ____ of the host.

A

1/1000

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39
Q

It is true for viruses:

A

No independent metabolic activities

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40
Q

Viruses cannot be grown on artificial cultural media because they are:

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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41
Q

Cilia and flagella are absent in:

A

Viruses

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42
Q

The virus can only survive and reproduce inside a:

A

Living cells

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43
Q

The branch which deals with the study if the virus is called:

A

Virology

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44
Q

Viruses are the simplest organisms that are:

A

only DNA or RNA particles without cellular

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45
Q

A scientist who first developed the technique of vaccination in 1795:

A

Edward Jenner

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46
Q

A virion is:

A

Virus

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47
Q

The capsid is made up of protein sub-units known as:

A

Capsomeres

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48
Q

Twort in 1915 and D’Herelle in 1917 discovered:

A

Bacteriophages

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49
Q

Bacteriophage replicates only in _____ cell.

A

Bacterial

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50
Q

Mad cow infections and mysterious brain infections in man are caused:

A

Prions

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51
Q

The branch that deals with the study of viruses is known as?

A

Virology

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52
Q

Louis Pasteur made vaccines for:

A

➡Rabies
➡Anthrax
➡Fowl cholera

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53
Q

According to Iwanowski what are soluble living germs?

A

Viruses

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54
Q

When was the bacteriophage phenomena rediscovered by D’Herelle?

A

1917

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55
Q

When were bacteriophage discovered by Twort?

A

1915

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56
Q

Viruses that were discovered in 1901:

A

Yellow Fever

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57
Q

Which of the following is composed of nucleic acids only?

A

Viroid

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58
Q

In Prions, information is carried further through:

A

Proteins
(Misfolded)

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59
Q

It is present in all the viruses:

A

Capsid

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60
Q

The component responsible for determination of the shape of the virus is:

A

Protein sub-units
(Capsid gives shape)

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61
Q

Which of the following is not an essential part of the virus?

A

Envelope

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62
Q

A virion is a:

A

Virus

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63
Q

_____ capsomeres are present in the capsid of the herpes virus.

A

162

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64
Q

The genome of most animal viruses contains:

A

RNA

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65
Q

In viruses, a combined structure formed by core (Nucleic acid) and capsid is:

A

Nucleocapsid

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66
Q

The capsid, the protective coat of a virus is made up of sub-units known as capsomeres that are ____ in nature.

A

Protein

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67
Q

Among followings, ___-enzyme is naturally found in human immunodeficiency virus

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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68
Q

The genome of a virus is composed of:

A

➡DNA
➡RNA

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69
Q

Which of the following is not related to an enveloped virus?

A

➡They survive for a short time❌
➡They are tolerant to antibodies✅
➡Their envelope is sensitive to sunlight❌
➡Enveolpe is derived from host❌

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70
Q

The complete nature and infection virus particle is known as:

A

Virion

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71
Q

In the lytic cycle of bacteriophage, the phage is regarded as:

A

Master

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72
Q

The bacteriophage replicates only inside the:

A

Bacterial cell

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73
Q

The part of bacteriophage that enters the host cell is:

A

Genome

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74
Q

The bacteriophage attaches itself by its tail to the cell wall of the bacterium at:

A

Adhering surface

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75
Q

When a virus is in the lysogenic cycle, which of these will occur?

A

Viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host DNA

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76
Q

The enzyme that is present in the cytoplasm as well as present in a virus also:

A

Dehydrogenase

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77
Q

bacteriophages are:

A

Virus attacking bacteria

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78
Q

Bacteriophages exhibit life cycles that are:

A

➡Lytic
➡Lysogenic

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79
Q

Lytic cycle completion occurs about:

A

25 min

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80
Q

The process in which the phage is called a prophage is termed as:

A

Lysogeny

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81
Q

Temperate phage may exist as:

A

Prophage

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82
Q

The enzyme involved in viral replication is synthesized.

A

By the host cell

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83
Q

it is very stable and allows viruses to exist in water, air or and the ground:

A

Nucleocapsid

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84
Q

The complete, mature and infections particle is known as:

A

Virion

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85
Q

The virus is composed of:

A

➡Nucleic acid
➡Capsid

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86
Q

The protein coat of a virus enclosing nucleic acid is called:

A

Capsid

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87
Q

What molecule would you not expect to find in a retrovirus?

A

Thymine
(Because RNA is present)

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88
Q

What is the size of Parvovirus?

A

20nm

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89
Q

The viral DNA or RNA is protected by:

A

Shell of proteins

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90
Q

What type of virus is the smallpox virus?

A

DNA enveloped virus

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91
Q

What is the viral nucleocapsid made up of?

A

➡Genome
➡Capsid

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92
Q

What types of viruses are the poliovirus?

A

RNA naked virus

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93
Q

Herpes simplexes are caused by which virus?

A

Herpes virus

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94
Q

What type of virus is the herpes simplex virus?

A

Double-strandedDNA (dsDNA)

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95
Q

The number of capsomeres found in adenovirus capsid is:

A

252

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96
Q

The number of capsomeres found in herpes virus capsid is;

A

162

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97
Q

The genome of the virus includes:

A

➡Deoxyribose acids
➡Ribonucleic acids

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98
Q

Viruses without nuclear envelopes are called:

A

Naked virus

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99
Q

Which of the following are the main functions of the capsid?

A

➡Determines the antigenic specificity of the virus
➡Protects genetic material from nuclease attack

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100
Q

Which of the following statements explains why viruses are only able to multiply in living cells?

A

Viruses do not possess the necessary components for self-replication

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101
Q

A chemical component that is not found in all viruses is;

A

Lipids

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102
Q

A common polyhedral capsid shape of viruses is:

A

Icosahedron

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103
Q

Identify the true statement about the virus:

A

➡Virus was discovered 2 billion years ago❌
➡Viruses came from outer space❌
➡Viruses evolved before bacteria❌
➡Viruses can infect all types of cells✅

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104
Q

The average diameter of large viruses is approximate:

A

100 to 200nm

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105
Q

What are the sub-units of capsids?

A

Capsomeres

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106
Q

A viral envelope is composed of:

A

➡Lipids
➡Proteins

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107
Q

It refers to the final changes within an immature virion that result in an infectious virus particle:

A

Assembly

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108
Q

All of the following descriptions regarding viral multiplication and nucleic acids are true except that:

A

➡Viruses contain DNA or RNA, not both❌
➡Viral mRNA, viral tRNA and viral ribosomes are used in viral replication✅
➡Viruses replicate only in living cells❌
➡Viruses use the cell’s biosynthetic machinery to synthesize copies of them❌

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109
Q

Which of the following is not true for a virion?

A

➡Rperoduce independently✅
➡Contain DNA❌
➡Contain RNA❌
➡Extracellular❌

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110
Q

The protein coat of a virus enclosing nucleic acid is called:

A

Capsid

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111
Q

What is the approximate diameter of retroviruses?

A

100 nm

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112
Q

When a virus enters a cell and incorporates its RNA or DNA into the host DNA, what is this stage called:

A

Lysogeny

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113
Q

Phage DNA incorporated into host DNA is referred as:

A

Prophage

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114
Q

Infectious RNA without capsid:

A

Viroid

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115
Q

What does the size range between?

A

20 nm to 250 nm

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116
Q

Which of the following statement is not true of viruses?

A

➡Viruses have been successfully grown in pure cultures in test tubes✅
➡All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites❌
➡All viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material❌
➡Viruses probably arose from small fragments of cellular chromosomes❌

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117
Q

What is the shape of TMV?

A

Rod

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118
Q

In the nucleus, the ssDNA viral genome is converted to dsDNA by:

A

DNA polymerase

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119
Q

Reverse transcriptase is a useful enzyme to have when:

A

RNA virus converts its RNA to DNA

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120
Q

What is a provirus?

A

Integrated viral genome

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121
Q

The function of a viral capsid is?

A

➡Protection against the viral genome from physical and enzymatic destruction
➡Provide binding sites that enable the virus to attach to specific receptor sites on the host cell
➡Serving as a vehicle of transmission from one host to other

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122
Q

Which of the following virus is enveloped?

A

Herpes Virus

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123
Q

Which of the following is not a described type of virus?

A

Virus containing single-strand RNA and single-strand DNA

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124
Q

The size of viruses is usually measured in:

A

Nanometers

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125
Q

Icosahedral viruses have how many faces?

A

20

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126
Q

Viruses differ from bacteria by:

A

Having capsule

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127
Q

It is not true about viruses:

A

➡Capsid has capsomeres❌
➡Both DNA and RNA together as a genome✅
➡Some are enveloped❌
➡Many infect animals❌

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128
Q

The causative agent of smallpox is:

A

DNA enveloped virus

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129
Q

Which of the following statements are true about viruses:

A

Obligate parasites

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130
Q

Which factors may help to determine the antigenicity of a virus?

A

Capsomeres

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131
Q

Which of the following has the morphology of a helical virus?

A

TMV

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132
Q

HBV is:

A

DNA enveloped virus

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133
Q

A structure which is located between the nucleocapsid and the envelope:

A

Matrix protein

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134
Q

Viroids lack:

A

Protective protein coat

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135
Q

What type of viruses are the paramyxoviruses?

A

RNA enveloped viruses

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136
Q

Which of the following viruses possess an envelope?

A

Herpes virus

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137
Q

What does an icosahedral capsid consist of

A

Hexagonal capsomeres

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138
Q

Viruses are limited in their host range because:

A

They can only enter cells that have specific receptors

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139
Q

Viruses replicate on their own:

A

Lack metabolic pathway

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140
Q

It is incorrect about viruses:

A

➡Acellular structure❌
➡DNA❌
➡RNA❌
➡Metabolism✅

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141
Q

Most commonly, lesions can be seen around the mount, lips and at other skin sites in:

A

Herpes

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142
Q

Viral inflammation of the parotid gland is commonly associated with:

A

Mumps

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143
Q

All of the following are viral diseases except:

A

Tetanus

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144
Q

Hepatitis A virus is:

A

ssRNA

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145
Q

HIV is transmitted through:

A

Faecal-Oral route

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146
Q

Viruses that attack the spinal cord are:

A

Poliovirus

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147
Q

Poliomyelitis affects:

A

Motor neuron

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148
Q

Smallpox is caused by the pox virus which is:

A

DNA enveloped virus

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149
Q

Mad cow disease is caused by:

A

Prion

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150
Q

Hepatitis C is also known as:

A

Infusion Hepatitis

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151
Q

Pigs are reservoirs for:

A

Hepatitis E

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152
Q

The enzyme involved in viral replication are synthesized:

A

By the host cell

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153
Q

Ribavirus is used to treat:

A

Hepatitis A

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154
Q

The virus that affects genital organs:

A

HSV

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155
Q

Which of the following pair of diseases is viral?

A

➡Rabies
➡Measels

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156
Q

Polio vaccine is given by:

A

Oral Drops

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157
Q

Which of the following are the simplest forms of pathogens causing disease?

A

Prions

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158
Q

Which is not a viral disease?

A

Malaria

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159
Q

Oral herpes is caused by:

A

HSV-1

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160
Q

Which of the following diseases is caused by a viroid?

A

Hepatitis D

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161
Q

____ is known to cause cancers in animals.

A

Rous sarcoma virus

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162
Q

All eukaryotes that did not fit the definition of plants, fungi or animals were included in Kingdom

A

Protista

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163
Q

Smallpox is caused by:

A

DNA enveloped virus

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164
Q

Which is not RNA virus?

A

➡Small pox virus✅
➡Influenza virus❌
➡Mumps and Measles virus❌
➡Polio virus❌

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165
Q

Herpes simplex is caused by

A

DNA virus

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166
Q

Influenza viruses are:

A

RNA enveloped

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167
Q

Paramyxoviruses are:

A

➡Mumps
➡Measels

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168
Q

Measles and mumps are caused by a virus belonging to a group called as:

A

Paramyxoviruses

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169
Q

All of the following are developed from embryo except

A

Protists

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170
Q

Amoeba belongs to which Kingdom

A

Protista

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171
Q

Kingdom protista includes

A

Eukaryotic organisms

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172
Q

Organisms of which of the following Kingdom has absorptive mode of nutrition

A

Fungi

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173
Q

It is believed that all Complex animal forms evolved from

A

Protista

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174
Q

Viruses may not replicate in

A

Blood plasma

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175
Q

Nucleic acid is the only component of

A

Viroid

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176
Q

It is false for viruses

A

Viruses contain both DNA and RNA

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177
Q

The component responsible for determination of shape of virus is

A

Protein sub units

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178
Q

In Prions information is carried further through

A

Proteins

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179
Q

______ capsomeres are present in capsid of Herpes virus

A

162

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180
Q

Major cells that are infected by HIV are

A

T-helper cells

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181
Q

It acts as a template strand for reverse transcriptase

A

Viral RNA

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182
Q

The phenomenon of transcription in HIV life cycle occurs in

A

Nucleus

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183
Q

Attachment of HIV DNA with host DNA is done via action of

A

Integrase

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184
Q

HIV can be transmitted by all of the following sources except

A

Saliva

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185
Q

Uncoating of HIV virion occurs

A

In cytoplasm

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186
Q

What is common to bacteria, Mosses and fungus

A

presence of cell wall

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187
Q

Kingdom Protista contains

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

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188
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about Protista

A

Members of Protista are primarily terrestrial

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189
Q

Sleeping sickness is caused by

A

Trypanosoma

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190
Q

The protist which possess flagella is

A

Trypanosoma

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191
Q

Which of the following is not example of fungus

A

Slime molds

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192
Q

The following features belongs to
1. body consists of long, Slender thread like structures called hyphae.
2. cell wall consists of chitin
3. cosmopolitan

A

Fungi

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193
Q

Life cycle in plant has generally two distinct phase the ______ sporophytic and the _____ gametophytic that alternate with each other. This phenomenon is called as alternation of generation

A

Diploid, haploid

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194
Q

Plant cells have all except

A

Centriole

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195
Q

Organisms referred to as amphibians of plant Kingdom are

A

Bryophytes

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196
Q

When the body of an animal can be divided into equal left and right halves by one plane symmetry. It is known as

A

Bilateral

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197
Q

Mammalia means organism with possess

A

Mammary gland

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198
Q

The growth and the reproduction are mutually exclusive events in

A

Higher animals and plants

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199
Q

Growth by cell division occurs _____ in plants and ______ in animals

A

Continuously, only up to a certain age

200
Q

Virus is

A

Inert crystalline structure outside the living cell

201
Q

viruses can be seen through

A

Electron microscope

202
Q

Bacteriophages generally have

A

Double standard RNA

203
Q

Capsomeres maybe arranged in

A

Helical or polyhedral

204
Q

Viroids are

A

Free RNA

205
Q

Infectious proteins are present in

A

Prions

206
Q

In a bacteriophage DNA is present in

A

Head

207
Q

AIDS virus contains

A

RNA and protein

208
Q

Reverse transcriptase is

A

DNA dependent DNA polymerase

209
Q

Enzyme needed for production of DNA from RNA is

A

Reverse transcriptase

210
Q

HIV can be transmitted by all of the following sources except

A

Saliva

211
Q

Uncoating of HIV virion occurs

A

In cytoplasm

212
Q

HIV genome contains

A

Two identical RNA strands

213
Q

Major cells infected by HIV are

A

Lymphocytes

214
Q

Virus can detects its specific host cell by

A

Specific receptors

215
Q

The smallest known viruses they contain RNA in spherical capsid are the:

A

Polio

216
Q

Infectious hepatitis is caused by:

A

Hepatitis A virus

217
Q

Hepatitis B is also called:

A

Serum Hepatitis

218
Q

Name the enveloped RNA virus that causes infusion hepatitis:

A

HCV

219
Q

Which of these diseases is not caused by a virus:

A

Cholera

220
Q

The long chain of HIV-Protein is cut down by proteases of:

A

HIV

221
Q

Whenever a virus encounters an unfamiliar organism, the virus may undergo multiple mutations and emerge as a variant that produces:

A

Novel Diseases

222
Q

In which year causative agent of AIDS was named?

A

1986

223
Q

The Herpes virus is responsible for which of the following types of Herpes?

A

Simplex

224
Q

Edward Jenner prepared a vaccine against:

A

Smallpox

225
Q

A major cell infected by HIV:

A

T Helper lymphocytes

226
Q

Which of the following molecule facilitates the entry of HIV into the human body?

A

Glycoprotein

227
Q

Prominent symptoms of AIDS:

A

➡Pneumonia
➡Rapid Weight Loss
➡Extremet and unexplained tiredness

228
Q

For the synthesis o mRNA, HIV uses:

A

Host RNA polymerase

229
Q

A person with a viral load of HIV 1 untreated leads to:

A

AIDS

230
Q

Which o the following is more virulent?

A

HIV-1

231
Q

There is no vaccine against HIV. What is the possible reason for this

A

Virus mutates rapidly

232
Q

HIV mainly attacks:

A

CD4 site of T cells

233
Q

Chimpanzee has _____ instead of HIV

A

SIV

234
Q

AIDS is caused:

A

Human Immunodeecicecy virus

235
Q

What is meant by HIV-positive?

A

A person has AIDS

236
Q

The replication of the HIV nucleic acid depends on:

A

Reverse transcriptase

237
Q

The viral genome is integrated into the host genome by which of the following enzymes?

A

Integrase

238
Q

Three stages of HIV infection are:

A

Acute infection➡Chronic Infection
➡AIDS

239
Q

Mumps and measles are caused by which o the following?

A

Paramyxovirus

240
Q

HAV is transmitted by:

A

Faeces

241
Q

____ is the usual causative agent of genital herpes.

A

HSV-1

242
Q

When did experimental administration of the HIV virus begin?

A

2001

243
Q

Pigs are reservoirs of:

A

HEV

244
Q

Which of the following statement correctly describes the Tobacco Mosaic virus?

A

RNA virus

245
Q

Pox virus is different from all others due to;

A

Size

246
Q

A remarkable feature of the pox virus:

A

Largest in size

247
Q

It is true about mumps

A

Widely spread

248
Q

The genetically engineered vaccine is available for which of the following hepatitis virus?

A

➡HBV
➡HAV

249
Q

Pox virus has:

A

Double-stranded DNA

250
Q

For attachment rabies virus bind to:

A

Acetylcholine receptor

251
Q

Where does the AIDS virus infect?

A

Leukocytes

252
Q

Which specialized enzyme does retrovirus have?

A

Reverse transcriptase

253
Q

Hepatitis D also known as:

A

Delta Hepatitis

254
Q

How HIV is transmitted?

A

➡Sexual contact
➡Blodd
➡Breast Feeding

255
Q

Which of the following is not a viral disease?

A

Tetanus

256
Q

Which o the following is not a component of HIV?

A

Ribosomes

257
Q

HIV differs from many viruses because it has high genetic?

A

Variability

258
Q

Influenza virus protein HA binds with ____ residues found on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells.

A

Sialic acid

259
Q

All are HIV symptoms except:

A

➡Cardiac arrest
➡Bloody stools
➡Chills

260
Q

SIV is the abbreviation of;

A

Simian immunodeficiency virus

261
Q

The enzyme which plays important role in HIV pathogenesis:

A

Reverse Transcrpitase

262
Q

All o the following are the current preventive methods for HIV infection except:

A

Use of available vaccines

263
Q

Influenza is caused by:

A

Influenza virus

264
Q

The locks the HIV genome into capsid:

A

Gag protein

265
Q

The genetically engineered vaccine is not available for which of the following?

A

HCV

266
Q

In what year did WHO declare that smallpox was completely eradicated?

A

1980

267
Q

AIDS was firstly reported in which types of individuals?

A

Homosexuals

268
Q

Mad cow disease is caused by one of the following:

A

Prion

269
Q

___ is associated with a number of tumours in humans:

A

Oncoviruses

270
Q

Which virus causes the second major form of hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B

271
Q

Which can convert normal cells into cancer cells?

A

Retrovirus

272
Q

People with chronic hepatitis are at risk of:

A

Liver damage

273
Q

Viru for making viral DNA uses whose RNA polymerase:

A

Host

274
Q

Retroviruses are characterized by:

A

Reverse transcriptase enzyme

275
Q

Retroviruses contain:

A

Single-stranded RNA

276
Q

Major cells that are infected by HIV are:

A

T-helper cells

277
Q

It acts as a template strand for reverse transcriptase:

A

Viral RNA

278
Q

The phenomenon of transcription in the HIV life cycle occurs in:

A

Nucleus
(Cytoplasm=Process of reverse transcription)

279
Q

Attachment of HIV DNA with host DNA is done via the action of:

A

Integrase

280
Q

HIV can be transmitted by all o the following sources except:

A

Saliva

281
Q

Uncoating of HIV virion occurs:

A

In cytoplasm

282
Q

The protein of HIV that helps in its fusion with T cell

A

gp-41
(gp-120 is needed to attach to the host cell)

283
Q

Common among all viruses during their infection cycles:

A

Translation in cytoplasm

284
Q

Receptors proteins present on T helper lymphocytes where an HIV particle binds:

A

CD4

285
Q

Which of the following cells does HIV mainly infect:

A

T-helper lymphocytes

286
Q

AIDS is caused by:

A

Virus

287
Q

Which one is not an opportunistic disease related to HIV infection?

A

➡Destruction of the body’s immune system✅
➡recurrent pneumonia❌
➡Pulmonary tuberculosis❌
➡Toxoplasmosis❌

288
Q

The main target of HIV in AIDS is:

A

Heper T-Lymphocytes

289
Q

Numerous opportunistic diseases might attack a person suffering from which of the following disease:

A

AIDS

290
Q

Which of the following is not true about the human immunodeficiency virus?

A

➡It is a retrovirus❌
➡It is surrounded by an envelope❌
➡It does not cause AIDS✅
➡It causes deficiency in o human immune system❌

291
Q

Bacteriophages or phages are also known as:

A

Bacteria eater

292
Q

The bacteriophage incorporates in the viral genome in which phase?

A

Lysogenic cycle

293
Q

How many bacteriophages are formed after 25 minutes of initial infection?

A

200

294
Q

What is the first step in the replication of bacteriophages?

A

Attachment

295
Q

Viruses that attack bacteria are called:

A

Bacteriophage

296
Q

Where the double-stranded DNA of the bacteriophage is found?

A

Head

297
Q

The phage that causes the lytic cycle is called;

A

➡Virulent Phage
➡Lytic Phage

298
Q

During the lytic cycle how many phages are released from the infected host cell:

A

100-200

299
Q

Bacteriophages have been used widely in genetic research since they are the smallest and simplest biological entities capable of:

A

Multiplication in the host cell

300
Q

Does binary fission occur in which stage of the bacteriophage lie cycle?

A

Lysogenic cycle

301
Q

The structure of which bacteriophage resembles a tadpole?

A

T4

302
Q

These viruses usually occur in two structural forms:

A

Bacteriophage

303
Q

In which step is lysozyme released by the bacteriophage?

A

Penetration

304
Q

What type of phage is a T2 phage?

A

dsDNA phage

305
Q

Which type of virus infects E.coli bacteria?

A

T phages

306
Q

What is the function of lysozyme released by bacteriophages?

A

Dissolve bacterial cell wall

307
Q

Where does the bacteriophage replicate?

A

Bacteria

308
Q

The phage that causes the lysogenic cycle is?

A

Temperate phage

309
Q

When the tobacco mosaic virus was successfully crystallized?

A

1935

310
Q

They show complexity

A

T4 virus

311
Q

Viral DNA, incorporated into bacterial DNA, is called:

A

Prophage

312
Q

What was the correct classification according to Linnaeus?

A

➡Similar genera in one family
➡Similar species in one genus
➡Similar families in one order

313
Q

Pathogens inside the body are killed by:

A

➡Antibodies
➡Immune system cells
➡Interferon

314
Q

Who discovered that the agents which caused tobacco mosaic disease were filterable?

A

Ivanowski

315
Q

First vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner against:

A

Small pox

316
Q

Chemically viruses are:

A

Nucleoprotien

317
Q

All of the following viral components are synthesized in host cell by using its metabolic machinery except:

A

Envelope

318
Q

It is the essential component of all the viruses:

A

Nucleopcapsid

319
Q

A chemical component that is found in all viruses is:

A

Protein

320
Q

Number of capsomeres in capsid of adenovirus is:

A

252

321
Q

These are the largest known virus:

A

Pox virus

322
Q

The msot common classification for viruses is on base of;

A

Nucleic acid properties

323
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus is:

A

Rod shaped

324
Q

The common host for T4 phage is;

A

Escherichia coli

325
Q

Detachment of the prophage from bacterial chromosome and start of lytic cycle is:

A

Induction

326
Q

Prophage is actually;

A

DNA of non-virulent phage

327
Q

The first step in the replication of bacteriophage is its:

A

Absorption

328
Q

It is also called as infusion hepatitis:

A

Hepatitis C

329
Q

Virus that attacks on spinal cord in humans is;

A

Polio Virus

330
Q

Up to 60% of adults are immune to;

A

➡Mumps
➡Measles

331
Q

All of the following are related to retroviruses except:

A

Double stranded RNA

332
Q

Viruses associated with tumor production in fowl, rodents and cats are;

A

Retroviruses

333
Q

All of the following parts of HIV enter into host cell excpet:

A

Envelope

334
Q

First virus which was purified and crystallized was;

A

Tobacco Mosaic virus

335
Q

These are non-cellular infectious entities which contain either RNA or DNA;

A

Viruses

336
Q

It gives definite shape to the virion:

A

Capsid

337
Q

Viruses are;

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

338
Q

Number of capsomeres in capsid of herpes virus is;

A

162

339
Q

Viruses are resistant to all of the following except:

A

Interferon

340
Q

Viruses are extremely infectious agents, which can only be seen by:

A

Electron microscope

341
Q

Bacteriophages occur in two structural form having:

A

➡Cubical
➡Helical

342
Q

In T4 bacteriophage, how many tail fibers are attached to end plate:

A

6

343
Q

Receptor site for attachment of T4 phage is present on;

A

Cell wall of E.coli

344
Q

The receptor site for attachment of T4 phage of bacterial cell is on;

A

Cell wall

345
Q

Host biosynthetic machinery forms all components of phages under phage genomic information except:

A

Envelope of phages

346
Q

The process by which viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial chromosome as prophage is called;

A

Lysogeny

347
Q

Prophage is actually;

A

DNA of non-virulent phage

348
Q

What are the sequences of steps in which a bacteriophage attacks bacterium and injects its DNA?

A

Landing➡ Tail Contraction➡ Penetration➡ DNA injection

349
Q

It is also called as infusion hepatitis;

A

Hepatitis C

350
Q

Viral inflammation of parotid gland is commonly associated with;

A

Mumps

351
Q

It is less severe but often leads to chronic liver disease:

A

Hepatitis C

352
Q

All of the following are associated with acute attacks if hepatitis except:

A

Liver Damage

353
Q

All of the following are related to retroviruses except:

A

Double Stranded RNA

354
Q

It is an example of retrovirus;

A

HIV

355
Q

In HIV, reverse transcriptase coverts single stranded RNA into double stranded viral DNA. This process is also called;

A

Reverse Transcription

356
Q

We can protect ourselves from HIV/AIDS through;

A

Blood screening before transfusions

357
Q

Which process or step in HIV life cycle does not occur in cytoplasm?

A

Transription

358
Q

Part of HIV labeled at X is:

A

Envelope spikes

359
Q

Prions are __ infectious agents.

A

Protienaceous

360
Q

RNA viruses appear to have higher rates mutation because:

A

Replication of their nuceli acid does not involve the proofreading steps of DNA replication

361
Q

Which feature belongs to the influenza virus?

A

Viruses enter the host cell by endocytosis

362
Q

Transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another by virus is called:

A

Transduction

363
Q

AIDS virus contains:

A

RNA + Protein

364
Q

Viroids differ from viruses in:

A

Naked RNA molecules only

365
Q

Reverse transcriptase is:

A

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

366
Q

Tailed bacteriophages are:

A

Non-Motile

367
Q

Which of the following pair of diseases is caused by viruses?

A

Measeles and Rabies

368
Q

Influenza virus has

A

RNA

369
Q

T-Bacteriophages possess

A

Tadpole Shape

370
Q

Process absent in viruses is:

A

Energy Liberation

371
Q

A characteristic of viruses is:

A

Without independent Metabolism

372
Q

RNA is genetic material in:

A

Tobaco Mosaic Virus

373
Q

Prophage is actually:

A

DNA of non-virulent phage

374
Q

RNA is the genetic material in:

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

375
Q

Helical contractile sheath occurs in:

A

Bacteriophage

376
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus was crystallized for the first time by:

A

W.M. Stanley

377
Q

Mature virus particle is:

A

Virion

378
Q

Prophage is a viral genome that is:

A

Incorporated and integrated to host genome

379
Q

Certain RNA viruses carry an enzyme that uses viral RNA as a template for synthesis of DNA. THe enzyme is:

A

Reverse transcriptase

380
Q

Viruses cannot multiple of their own because they:

A

Lack of cellular machinery to use its genetic material

381
Q

Which one of the following statement about viruses is correct?

A

Viruses are obligate parasites

382
Q

All viruses are ___ infectious entities in nature.

A

Acellular

383
Q

Who discovered that the agents, which caused tobacco mosaic vrius are filterable?

A

Ivanowski

384
Q

First evidence of viral existence was provided by:

A

W.M. Stanley

385
Q

Viruses cannot be grown on artificial culture media because they are:

A

Oligate Parasites

386
Q

The living characteristics o the virus is/are

A

➡THey have their own nucleic acid genome
➡THey reproduce by using biosynthetic machinery of host cell
➡They get destroyed by UV rays

387
Q

It is present in all viruses:

A

Capsid

388
Q

First vaccine was developed against:

A

Small pox

389
Q

Viruses can be classified on the basis of:

A

➡Host
➡Capsid
➡Genome

390
Q

Capsomeres are arranged in twenty triangles to form:

A

Icosahedral shape

391
Q

The chemical nature of the agent causing mad cow infection is:

A

Protein

392
Q

It is the smallest virus known to date:

A

Parvo virus

393
Q

Herpes virus-I can cause:

A

Vascular Lesions

394
Q

Which one of the following is not the essential requirement for the replication of viruses?

A

Envelope

395
Q

Polio virus is transmitted by:

A

Oro-Fecal Route

396
Q

Serum hepatitis is caused by:

A

HBV

397
Q

These have the ability to convert normal cells into cancer cells:

A

Retro virus

398
Q

HIV contains ___ as genome:

A

Two single RNA strands

399
Q

Capsid of HIV is:

A

Conical shaped

400
Q

Most distincitive feature of retrovruses is:

A

Reverse transcriptase

401
Q

Most common symtpom of AIDS related complex is:

A

Swollen lymph nodes in neck

402
Q

Acute attacks of heaptitis B cause:

A

Fatigue, Loss of appetite and Juandice

403
Q

Mostly retroviruses infect those cells having specific

A

Cell surace receptors

404
Q

Glycoprotein embedded in HIV envelope form:

A

Spikes

405
Q

It is the outer glycoprotein found in the HIV spikes:

A

gp-120

406
Q

In the case of HIV particles, the matrix proteins are present in between

A

➡Envelope
➡Capsid

407
Q

These cells are specifically targeted by the HIV

A

Helper T-Cells

408
Q

The site where reverse transcription of the HIV genome occurs is;

A

The cytoplasm of the host cell

409
Q

Reverse transcriptase can convert:

A

Single-stranded RNA genome into Double Stranded DNA

410
Q

In case of HIV, only __ can infect host cells.

A

Double stranded DNA

411
Q

The double-stranded viral DNA can be incorporated into the host T4 genome as a:

A

Provirus

412
Q

Some retroviruses can convert

A

Normal cells into cancer cells

413
Q

AIDS was reported by some physicians in the early 1980s in young homosexual males. They showed the following symptoms, EXCEPT

A

Rare pneumonia and a severe vascular cancer

414
Q

Soon after the initial victims of AIDS, the disease was discovered in _________patients, who were given blood products.

A

Non-Homosexuals

415
Q

The agent causing the AIDS was identified by research teams from

A

Pasteur Institute in France and National Institute of health in USA

416
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus causes:

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

417
Q

Recent studies on HIV reveal that the virus infects and multiplies in ________ but does not cause disease in them.

A

Monkeys

418
Q

Following are the means of transmission of AIDS, EXCEPT:

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

419
Q

The most important measure to prevent aids and HIV is:

A

Avoiding the direct contact with HIV

420
Q

Now vaccine against _______ have been synthesized and its experimental administration in humans started in
South Africa

A

HIV

421
Q

HIV is uncoated:

A

Inside the cytoplasm

422
Q

How many molecules of RNA are found in HIV:

A

2

423
Q

How many molecules of reverse transcriptase are found in HIV:

A

2

424
Q

In infection cycle of HIV RNA is converted into DNA duplex by:

A

Reverse Transcription

425
Q

In infection cycle of HIV after attachment there comes:

A

Entry

426
Q

Cd4 receptor bearing T Lymphocyte is infected by

A

HIV

427
Q

T4 phage consists of:

A

Head and Tail

428
Q

The following are true about the head of T4 phage EXCEPT:

A

➡Hexagonal structure❌
➡Pyramidal Structure❌
➡Prism-shaped Structure❌
➡Oval Structure✔️

429
Q

“Two triangular structures with common base” is the description of the structure of ______ of T4 phage.

A

Head

430
Q

Within the head of T4 phage ________ molecule is present.

A

Double Stranded DNA

431
Q

The structure of phage ______ is more complex than ______.

A

Tail, Head

432
Q

About tail of T4 phage which one is not true:

A

Core and sheath are made of same type of protein

433
Q

The volume of T4 phage is about _____ times shorter than that of host:

A

1000

434
Q

The bacteriophage is adsorbed to host cell at _______ of bacterium

A

Receptor Site

435
Q

A bacteriophage is attached to the receptor site on the host cells:

A

Cell Wall

436
Q

The virus which was first isolated

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

437
Q

Viruses can be considered as living because they:

A

Reproduce in host cells

438
Q

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, groin, and armpits, night sweats, loss of memory and
depression, is seen at which stage of AIDS?

A

AIDS-related complex

439
Q

Which of the following is not used for classification of viruses?

A

Disease Symptoms

440
Q

Most of antibiotics have no effect on the virus because:

A

Viruses have no metabolism of their own

441
Q

The structurally complete, mature, and infectious viral particle is known as:

A

Virion

442
Q

It is virtually found in all viruses:

A

Proteins

443
Q

Helical contractile sheath is found in:

A

Bacteriophage

444
Q

The following steps occur during the life cycle of bacteriophages. What is the second step?

A

Penetration

445
Q

The process that cannot takes place in absence of viruses:

A

Transduction

446
Q

GP120 make which of the following?

A

Spikes of HIV envelope

447
Q

Viroids differ from viruses in being:

A

Naked RNA molecules only

448
Q

The causative agent of ‘scrapie’ of sheep and goats is

A

Prion

449
Q

If a person shows the production of interferons in his body, then the chances are that he has got an infection of:

A

Measles

450
Q

There are more than __________ viruses causing common cold.

A

200

451
Q

HIV decreases the natural immunity of the body by:

A

Attacking T-lymphocytes

452
Q

All are neurotropic viral diseases except:

A

➡Polio❌
➡Rabies❌
➡Encepalitis❌
➡Herpes simplex✅

453
Q

identify the hepatitis virus, which cannot survive independently and it requires another
hepatitis virus for its multiplication

A

Hepatitis-D virus

454
Q

Prophage is actually:

A

DNA of non-viulent phage

455
Q

The first step in the replication of bacteriophage is its attachment to the host cell at
receptor site located on

A

Cell wall of the bacteria

456
Q

It acts as the site of reverse transcription during the HIV life cycle:

A

Cytoplasm of the host cell

457
Q

Hepatitis ‘A’ is also called as:

A

Infectious Hepatitis

458
Q

The protein coat of viruses are called___ and it encloses the viral ___:

A

Capsid, Genome

459
Q

HIV infects __ and the defects in these cells lead to failure in __ system:

A

Helper T-Lymphocytes, Immune

460
Q

HIV is:

A

RNA enveloped

461
Q

The complete, mature and infectious particle is known as:

A

Virion

462
Q

Animal and plant viruses ay be:

A

Spherical

463
Q

Virus classification is based on:

A

➡Host Organisms
➡Other structural characters such as morphology and type of genome
➡Mode of action in the host

464
Q

The internationally agreed system of virus classification is based on:

A

The structure and opposition of the virus particle

465
Q

Bacteriophage attacks bacteria:

A

It is a DNA virus with a polyhedral tail

466
Q

More than ___ types of viral plant diseases are known:

A

2000

467
Q

Most __ discovered till to date e.g. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), have an RNA genome:

A

Plant Viruses

468
Q

___ cases warts:

A

Papovirus

469
Q

__ causes polio:

A

Picomovirus

470
Q

Viruses having a polyhedral capsid with a glycoprotein spike at each vertex:

A

Adenoviruses

471
Q

Pox virus s:

A

Double Stranded (dsDNA)

472
Q

The retrovirus that leads to AIDS:

A

Contains RNA in its genome

473
Q

A virus is made up of :

A

➡Protein coat
➡Nucleic acid

474
Q

The protein coat of viruses that enclose the genetic material is called:

A

Capsid

475
Q

A fuly formed infectious particle is called:

A

virion

476
Q

Choose the wrong statement:

A

➡Capsomeres is a sub-unit o the capsid❌
➡Capsomeres self-assemble to form the capsid❌
➡Viruses can multiple only in living cells of animals, plants or bacteria❌
➡All the statements are true✅

477
Q

Viruses are considered non-living because they:

A

Cannot reproduce independently

478
Q

Which of these are found in all viruses?

A

➡PRoteins
➡Nucleic acid

479
Q

WHich of these is a true statement?

A

Viruses use the host ribosomes for their own needs

480
Q

Which part of an animal virus is not reproduced in multiple copies?

A

Envelope

481
Q

RNA retroviruses have a special enzyme that:

A

Transcribes viral RNA to DNA

482
Q

Which of the following illness is caused by a retrovirus?

A

AIDS

483
Q

The HIV primarily infects:

A

Helper T-Cells

484
Q

A virus is made up of:

A

➡Protein coat
➡Nucleic acid

485
Q

The protein coat of viruses that enclose the genetic material is called:

A

Capsid

486
Q

The protein coat of viruses that enclose the genetic material is called:

A

Capsid

487
Q

A virions is:

A

an intact infectious viral particle

488
Q

HIV is a retrovirus that infects and colonizes cells in the:

A

Immune System

489
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of AIDS?

A

➡Fever
➡Swollen lymph nodes
➡Tiredness

490
Q

HIV can also spread through:

A

Sharing Needles

491
Q

How many stages of HIV infection exist?

A

3

492
Q

In individuals with HIV, opportunistic infections are:

A

More Frequent

493
Q

Where did HIV originate?

A

A chimpanzee

494
Q

What is AIDS?

A

In the final stage of HIV

495
Q

How does HIV become AIDS?

A

➡HIV attacks the T-cells
➡HIV makes multiple copies of itself
➡HIV destroys cells in the body

496
Q

Which is not considered a common method of transmission for HIV?

A

Urine

497
Q

In asymptomatic carriers of AIDS, the symptoms disappear and there are no other symptoms for:

A

Nine Months Longer

BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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