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Wildlife > Ungulates - Midterm > Flashcards

Ungulates - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Ungulates are comprised of which 2 taxonomic groups?

A
  • Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)

- Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates)

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2
Q

What is a RUMINANT?

A
  • Artiodactyla that chews the cud regurgitated from the rumen. Multiple chambers to the stomach!
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3
Q

Key characteristics of the order ARTIODACTYLA?

A
  • Even-toed
  • Lack upper incisor teeth
  • Small canines or incisoforms
  • Cheek teeth are selenodont
  • RUMINANT (2 or 4 chambers)
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4
Q

Which 3 families are considered ruminants?

A
  • Cervidae (moose, elk, deer, caribou)
  • Bovidae (bison, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, cows
  • Antilocapridae (pronghorn sheep, not in BC)
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5
Q

Key characteristics of the order PERSSODACTYLA?

A
  • Odd-toed
  • Ulna and fibula are reduced
  • Absent collar bone
  • Lower canine teeth usually present
  • Lophodont teeth
  • Simple stomach, monogastric (not chambered)
  • Elongated cecum
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6
Q

What is SELENODONT?

A
  • Elongated primary cusps in anterior-posterior direction (cheek teeth of cervidae and bovidae)
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7
Q

What is LOPHODONT?

A
  • Elongated ridges called lophs that run between cusps
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8
Q

What is BRACHYODONT?

A
  • Low crowned teeth (opposite of hypsodont) (humans!)

- Browsers

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9
Q

What is HYPSODONT?

A
  • High crowned teeth that extend far beyond gumline (cows and elk)
  • Grazers
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10
Q

What is BUNODONT?

A
  • Cheek teeth with low rounded cusps (broad diet) (humans, bears, pigs)
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11
Q

Define AQUATIC and provide an example

A
  • An animal that SWIMS

- Otter, beaver

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12
Q

Define VOLANT and provide an example

A
  • An animal that GLIDES

- Flying squirrel

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13
Q

Define CURSORIAL and provide an example

A
  • An animal that cursors (RUNS FAST) for long distances

- Carnivores, ungulates

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14
Q

Define SCANSORIAL and provide an example

A
  • An animal is a climber

- Mountain goat, woodpecker

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15
Q

Define ARBOREAL and provide an example

A
  • An animal that spends most of its time in trees

- Squirrels

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16
Q

Define SALTATURTIAL and provide an example

A
  • An animal that is a hopper

- Deer mice, rabbit

17
Q

Define FOSSORIAL and provide an example

A
  • An animal that digs, usually living in burrows

- Pocket gopher, Badger

18
Q

What are two factors that determine the speed an animal can travel?

A
  • Length of stride

- Rate of stride (number/time)

19
Q

Define PLANTIGRADE and provide an example

A
  • An animal that places full length of their foot on the ground
  • Humans, bears, raccoons, porcupines
20
Q

Define DIGITIGRADE and provide an example

A
  • An animal that walks on its digits but not the soles of the feet
  • Dogs, Cats
21
Q

Define UNGULIGRADE and provide an example

A
  • An animal that walks on their tiptoes, often on hooves

- Deer, Horses

22
Q

Provide 4 adaptations that may lengthen stride.

A
  • Using different parts of the FOOT
  • Lengthen the LIMB elements, elongating the digits
  • Include the SCAPULA as part of the limb
  • Flexing the SPINE
23
Q

Describe 2 adaptations for increasing frequency of steps.

A
  • Muscle near the joints
  • Ulna of cursors is typically reduced or fused
  • Fibula and tibia reduced in weight
  • Number of digits reduced
24
Q

What are the 4 main chambers of a ruminant’s stomach?

A
  • RUMEN
  • RETICULUM
  • OMASUM
  • ABOMASUM
25
Q

What is the purpose of the RUMEN?

A
  • Where fermentation happens
  • Provides anaerobic environment containing billions of bacteria which helps breakdown cellulose
  • This is where 70% of cellulose is absorbed
26
Q

What is the purpose of the RETICULUM?

A
  • Where food is compacted into cuds for regurgitation

- Allows for further breakdown by the teeth

27
Q

What is the purpose of the OMASUM?

A
  • More breakdowns occur

- No digestive enzymes yet

28
Q

What is the purpose of the ABOMASUM?

A
  • True stomach

- Glands secret hydrochloric acid and pepsin and lipase for final breakdown and absorption

29
Q

When does rumination occur any why?

A
  • Rumination occurs when the animal is at rest which allows for better digestion and absorption of nutrients
30
Q

Which family has ANTLERS, what is their structure, and how do they grow?

A
  • CERVIDAE have antlers (only males except caribou)
  • BRANCHED
  • Grows from pedicle and regulated by testicular and pituitary hormones (stimulates growth in April and May)
  • Covered in velvet which carries blood vessels and nerves
  • Replaced by compact bone
  • Shed in winter
31
Q

Which family has HORNS, what is their structure, and how do they grow?

A
  • BOVIDAE have horns (both males and females)
  • Never branched
  • Bony core, with keratin sheath
  • Do NOT shed
  • Never stop growing
32
Q

What triggers antler growth, and generally when does this happen?

A
  • The PITUITARY HORMONE

- In SPRING (April/May)

33
Q

What family do Antelope belong to?

A
  • ANTILOCAPRIDAE
34
Q

How does the family ANTILOCAPRIDAE differ from other families in the order ARTODACTYLA?

A
  • They have horns, but they are branched and the sheath of keratin is shed annually
35
Q

Which species are considered GRAZERS?

A
  • Mountain goat
  • Elk
  • Mule deer (summer)
36
Q

Which species are considered BROWSERS?

A
  • White-tailed deer
  • Moose
  • Mule deer (winter)
37
Q

Which species are considered INTERMEDIATE?

A
  • Caribou

- Mule deer

38
Q

What is the critical limiting factor for mountain goats?

A
  • Winter habitat
39
Q

Why is rumination an advantage?

A
  • Makes digestion more efficient, therefore increases nutrient absorption

Wildlife (14 decks)

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