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Wildlife > Biodiversity - Final > Flashcards

Biodiversity - Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the term ‘biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ (3 main points)?

A
  • GENETIC diversity: genetic variation among individuals
  • SPECIES diversity: number and relative abundance of species in an area
  • ECOSYSTEM diversity: a variety of unique and distinguishable habitats found in an area
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2
Q

Diversity of wildlife =

A
  • DIVERSITY of habitat
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3
Q

What are some examples of ECONOMIC importance of biodiversity? (3)

A
  • Biodiversity provides CONSUMPTIVE uses of natural products (timber, fish, game, berries)
  • Biodiversity provides NON-CONSUMPTIVE uses such as guiding, recreation, education
  • Biodiversity provides future OPTIONS for both consumptive and non consumptive uses in
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4
Q

What are some examples of ECOLOGICAL importance of biodiversity? (2)

A
  • Biodiversity is considered the cornerstone to health of the environment
  • We depend on the health of the environment for our own health and existence
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5
Q

What are the 3 ethical values of biodiversity?

A
  • EXISTENCE value: People conserve an element of biodiversity for its own sake (non-consumptive)
  • OPTION value: conserving for later use (sustainability)
  • BEQUEST value: conserving for the sake of future generations
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6
Q

What are the 3 values that are associated with EXISTENCE value?

A
  • AESTHETIC value: for visual purposes, natural beauty
  • INTRINSIC value: mere existence gives it the right to continue and be protected
  • SPIRITUAL health: people receive inspirational, religious or cultural benefit from nature
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7
Q

What are the 5 main points why we have species at risk in BC?

A

Not all species can adapt to unnatural pressures of:

  • Invasion of exotic plants and animals
  • Access
  • Urban and resource development
  • Pollution
  • LOSS or FRAGMENTATION and unnatural changes to habitat
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8
Q

What is meant by “biodiversity provides resiliency to ecosystems”?

A
  • Biodiversity provides the CAPABILITY to ADAPT to change in the environment WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT LOSS in ecosystem function
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9
Q

What is the ‘umbrella’ or ‘coarse-filter’ approach to managing landscapes?

A

Protecting LARGE AREAS like riparian management areas. Protecting these areas protects:

  • water quality
  • fish habitat
  • riparian veg
  • species at risk that rely on riparian areas
  • ecosystem function and structure
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10
Q

What 2 assumptions is the CFA coarse filter/umbrella approach based on?

A
  • MANAGEMENT DISTURBANCES should MIMIC conditions under which natural systems evolved
  • More closely managed disturbances EMULATE NATURAL DISTURBANCES, the lower the risk of losing natural biodiversity gets
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11
Q

In general, what does the CF/umbrella approach involve?

A
  • maintaining the essential structural attributes of each type of habitat
  • maintainng the full range of types of habitats and seral stages within a particular ecosystem
  • ecosystem processes
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12
Q

Why should the CF approach mimic natural patterns?

A
  • Lowers the risk of losing biodiversity, animals know how to cope better
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13
Q

What are the three principles that the CFA is based upon?

A
  1. FOREST habitats can be GROUPED into 3 categories (early-seral stage, mid-seral stage, late-seral stage)
  2. VERTEBRATES tend to be associated with the structural attributes rather than stand age per se
  3. some OLD-GROWTH DEPENDANT species may require microclimate conditions of late-seral forests
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14
Q

Provide examples of ‘stand-initiating’ and ‘stand-maintaining processes

A
  • Wildfire (Kamloops)
  • Windstorms
  • Snow avalanches
  • Landslides
  • Flooding
  • Insect outbreaks
  • Disease
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15
Q

Contrast natural disturbance patterns in coastal versus interior habitats in BC.

A

Disturbance events (wildfire, insects, timber harvest) much more rare on coastal habitats than in interior habitats

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16
Q

What are the 5 Natural Disturbance Types (NDTs)?

A
  • NDT1: ecosystems with rare stand-initiating events
  • NDT2: ecosystems with infrequent stand-initiating events
  • NDT3: ecosystems with frequent stand-initiating events
  • NDT4: ecosystems with frequent stand-maintaining fires
  • NDT5: alpine tundra and subalpine parkland
17
Q

Provide examples of stand-level disturbance types. Are these more prevalent in coastal or interior habitats?

A
  • understorey surface fires (common in interior)
  • windthrow events (common in coastal)
  • wildfires, windstorms, insects, landslides
18
Q

Describe the ‘species-specific’ or ‘fine-filter (FFA)’ approaches.
How does this approach vary from CFA?

A
  • caters to a specific species or unique vegetation community that isn’t met by CFA
19
Q

What are the goals of the FFA?

Provide examples of the FFA to biodiversity management.

A

FFA protects the critical habitat for species species needs, good for endangered or rare species, or species with special needs.

  • The General Wildlife Measures or Identified Wildlife Guidebook act as FFA
  • examples: protecting key natal pond for tiger salamander, managing large diameter ponderosa pine for white-headed woodpecker, coastal forests old-growths for marbled murrelet
20
Q

How does the ‘biodiversity guidebook’, ‘riparian guidebook; and ‘identified wildlife guidebook’ relate to each other?

A
  • Biodiversity and Riparian Management Area act as CFA

- General wildlife measures for Identified Wildlife Guidebook act as FFA. Pick up the CFA’s slack

21
Q

What are ‘ecotones” and how do the abiotic and biotic features vary in ecotones relative to the contributing habitats?

A

An ecotone is the gap between a harvested area and old-growth forest. Gap in forest canopy.

  • abiotic: microclimate conditions change from an edge habitat into the intact forest
  • biotic: plant and animal species associated with one habitat move into the other
22
Q

Distinguish between ‘hard edges’ and ‘soft edges’

A
  • Hard edge: the edge between patches may be highly contrasting (e.g., trees nextto lakeshore, or tall older trees next to regenerating seedlings).
  • Soft edge: along lesser contrasting habitats such as riparian/hardwood interfaces.
  • In managed forests, generally as opening sizes decrease the proportion of edgeincreases.
23
Q

How can the shape of disturbances influence proportion of interior habitat?

A
  • A circular or regular shape has less edge habitat and a more intact interior forest despite being the same area
  • A small, irregular shaped 2-ha patch of forest may have no forest interior forest.
  • same irregular-shaped patch of 100 ha will contain forest interior forest
24
Q

What determines the range of sizes and age classes of cutblocks?

A

It’s important to have a range in cutblock sizes from small to large, with a corresponding similar range of leave areas, as a means of maintaining biodiversity across landscapes and reducing habitat fragmentation. The scale of sizes to be variable depend on NDT.

25
Q

What are the 6 components of stand-level attributes of managing forest biodiversity?

A
  • wildlife trees
  • stand structure
  • coarse woody debris
  • forest floor
  • special habitats
  • tree & vegetation species composition
26
Q

What does stand structure refer to in forest structure and what specifically contributes to stand structure?

A

Refers to the vertical and horizontal appearance of the stand.

  • horizontal is a mix of successional stages (older, young, edges, habitat mosaic)
  • vertical is multiple layers from tall to small trees, shrubs, forbs, grass, moss, CWD
27
Q

State 5 structural characteristics common to old growth? Can you state 9 features?

A
  • Multiple canopy layers of trees
  • Wide variety of tree sizes (heights and diameters)
  • Some very large trees (relative to the rest of the trees), scatteredthroughout the stand
  • Mixed species of conifers and deciduous patches
  • Significant amounts of course woody debris (CWD) of all sizes and decay
  • Scattered windthrown trees
  • Brush pockets associated with canopy gaps
  • Varying amounts of decadence, (i.e., broken tops, split trunk, multipletops, large limbs)
  • Significant amounts of lichens growing above ground level on very largetrees
28
Q

What does ‘horizontal structure’ and ‘vertical structure’ refer to?

Provide examples of how enhancing horizontal or vertical structure can influence biodiversity.

A

Horizontal structure is a mix of successional stages: older forest, younger forest, creates habitat mosaic
- patchiness probides foraging, nesting, resting habitat
Vertical structure describes the top to bottom structure of a forest stand - multiple layers from tall and small trees, shrubs, forbs, grasses, moss and CWD
- provide structural habitat, forage, interception of snow/rain, minimize temp extremes, array of branches for ungulates

29
Q

How much structure should you induce in managed systems?

A
  • maintain structural diversity elements to provide suitable habitat conditions to meet needs of most native species
  • use partial cutting and reserve areas that are appropriate for locally occurring species
  • apply specific practices to protect species at risk
30
Q

What is the definition of a ‘wildlife tree’? What influences their value to enhancing biodiversity?

A

A wildlife tree is any standing dead or live tree withspecial characteristics that provide valuable habitat forthe conservation or enhancement of wildlife.

Their value depends on structure, age, condition, abundance, species, geographic location, and surrounding habitat characteristics

31
Q

State 5 characteristics that are preferred when selecting a wildlife tree to maintain on a site? (Can you state 10 features?)

A
  • large size (> 15 m tall, >30 cm DBH interior, and >70 cm DBH preferred)
  • condition and age (class 2 to 6 most valuable)
  • location and surrounding habitat features
  • sound root system
  • broken top
  • some large branches
  • abundance and distribution
  • evidence of wildlife use
32
Q

Provide examples (6) of functions provided by wildlife trees.

A
  • cavities for nesting, roosts, dens
  • pertching sites
  • foraging site for insectivorous birds
  • cracks and fissures for feeding and nesting/roosting
  • a source of CWD
33
Q

Provide a general description of the decay classes. Do not need to detail each class, just the general concept.

A
  1. live/healthy: no decay, tree has valuable habitat characterisitics like large, clustered, moss-covered branches
  2. live/unhealthy: internal decay or growth deformities (including insect damage)
  3. dead: needles/twigs may still be present, roots sound
  4. dead: no needles/twigs, 50% of branches lost, loose bark, top usually broken, stable roots
  5. dead: most branches/bark absent, some internal decay, roots less stable
  6. dead: 2/3 original height, no branches/bark, sapwood/heartwood sloughing, decay more advances, lateral roots softening
  7. dead: 1/2 height of original tree, extensive internal decay, outer shell may be had, lateral roots completely decomposed, hollow or almost
  8. debris: 1/3 original height, downed trees or stumps
  9. pile of crap
34
Q

Detail the features that contribute to ‘high’, ‘medium,’ and ‘low’ value of wildlife trees.

A
  • High has at least 2 of the charactertistics below and where possible, is within the upper 10-15% of the diameter range
  • Medium: large, stable tree that will likely develop two or more of the above attributes for high
  • Low: trees not covered by medium or high

Internal decay:

  • A sound, firm outer stem shell
  • Crevices present (loose bark or cracks suitable for bats)
  • Large brooms present
  • Active or recent wildlife use (feeding, nesting, denning)
  • Tree structure suitable for wildlife use (e.g., large nest, huntingperch, bear den)
  • Largest trees for site (height and/or diameter) and veterans
  • Locally important wildlife tree species
  • Favourably located for use by wildlife
35
Q

Where are the preferred locations for wildlife trees?

A
  • along streams and other wet sites (riparian areas)
  • along gullies and rocky knolls
  • in stands of mixed coniferous-deciduous trees
36
Q

What constitutes CWD? State the functional roles CWD perform (8).

A

CWD consists of fallen trees and other woody material on the forest floor. It’s generally considered to be sound and rotting logs, stumps and branches > 10 cm in diameter

Functional roles:

  • contributes to structural diversity of old growth and mature forests
  • provides feeding, breeding, and shelter substrate
  • provides habitat for many forest plants, animals, and micro-organisms
  • provides nutrient source and growing substrate for bacteria and fungi, saprophytic plants, lichens, mosses
  • carbon storage
  • erosion control
  • buffered microclimates suitable for seedling establishment
  • shelter and access routs for small mammals
  • influences slope and stream morphology (stream habitat, shapes, channel complexity)
37
Q

Provide a general description of the decay classes. Do not need to detail each class, just the general concept.

A
  1. fallen log with stumpy branches
  2. less branches
  3. no branches, no bark
  4. very decayed
  5. fully decayed

Wildlife (14 decks)

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