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Wildlife > Marine Mammals - Final > Flashcards

Marine Mammals - Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 unique characteristics of mammals?

A
  • Hair
  • Warm blooded
  • Breathe air
  • Four chambered heart
  • Bear live young (viviporous)
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2
Q

What are 5 unique characteristics unique to marine mammals?

A
  • STREAMLINE body shape
  • LIMB modification as flippers
  • THERMAL regulation (thick skin, blubber, large size)
  • Modified RESPIRATORY system
  • OSMOTIC adaptations
  • ECHOLOCATION
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3
Q

Provide 5 characteristics that enhances marine mammals’ ability to thermoregulate.

A
  • LARGE size
  • LOW surface to volume ratio
  • THICK skin
  • BLUBBER
  • reduced peripheral CIRCULATION (blubber with few blood vessels)
  • Higher METABOLIC rate
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4
Q

Provide 5 additional physical features that indicate convergent evolution has occurred.

A
  • ?
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5
Q

Which 2 suborders fall under the the order CETACEA?

A
  • MYSTECETI

- ODONTOCETI

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6
Q

What are the common names of the two suborders MYSTECETI and ODONTOCETI?

A
  • MYSTECETI: Baleen Whale

- ODONTOCETI: Toothed Whale

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7
Q

How do the suborders Mysteceti (Baleen Whale) and odontoceti (Toothed Whale) differ with respect to TEETH?

A
  • Mysteceti: teeth LACKING

- Odontoceti: teeth PRESENT

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8
Q

How do the suborders Mysteceti and odontoceti differ with respect to BALEEN?

A
  • Mysteceti: baleen plate PRESENT

- Odontoceti: baleen plates ABSENT

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9
Q

How do the suborders Mysteceti and odontoceti differ with respect to NASAL openings?

A
  • Mysteceti: PAIRED external nasal openings

- Odontoceti: SINGLE external nasal opening

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10
Q

How do the suborders Mysteceti and odontoceti differ with respect to STERNUM?

A
  • Mysteceti: relatively SMALL, few ribs, can NOT withstand beaching
  • Odontoceti: LONG and robust, CAN withstand beaching
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11
Q

How do the suborders Mysteceti and odontoceti differ with respect to COMMUNICATION?

A
  • Mysteceti: Series of MOANS, SQUEAKS, and SCREAMS

- Odontoceti: WHISTLES and ECHOLOCATION

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12
Q

For the suborder MYSTECETI, what is whale bone?

A
  • BALEEN
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13
Q

What is ECHOLOCATION?

A
  • Rapid sounds, like clicks, into blind areas and notes times to travel to and from an object
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14
Q

Describe migratory patterns of baleen whales.

A
  • HIGHLY migratory
  • Move towards high lattitude feeding areas (polar) in summer to low altitude calving areas (tropical) in winter
  • Average 3000 - 5000 km migration each way
  • Gray whale : 10,000 km migration each way
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15
Q

How do baleen wales feed?

A
  • Filter feeding using comb like baleen plates that grow from the roof of their mouths
  • Filters plankton, copeopods, and small fish from sea water
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16
Q

Which 3 families fall under the suborder MYSTECETI?

A
  • Roqual
  • Grey whale
  • Right whale
17
Q

Which species belongs to the family ROQUAL (5)?
Fastest?
Largest?

A
  • BLUE whale (RED LISTED), FIN whale (RED LISTED), HUMPBACK whale, MINKE whale, SEI whale (RED LISTED)
  • Largest: BLUE whale
  • Fastest: SEI whale
18
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of ROQUAL whales (6)?

A
  • UNFUSED neck vertebrate
  • LONGITUDINAL GROOVES on throat
  • Small pointed DORSAL fin
  • PLEATS of skin on throat (unfold when mouth opens for large opening!) (25-100)
  • LONG slender body
  • Pointed snout
19
Q

Which species belong to the GREY WHALE family (1)?

A
  • GREY whale (BLUE LISTED)
20
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of GREY whales (4)?

A
  • UNFUSED neck vertebrate
  • FEW throat PLEATS (2-4)
  • SMALL Dorsal hump followed by a series of bumps
  • BOTTOM FORAGERS (amphipods)
21
Q

What are the white blotches on the body of a GREY whale?

A
  • Parasitic Barnacles
22
Q

Describe the migration patterns of the GREY whale?

A
  • Migrate from November - early December from north to Baja California,
  • Do not feed during breeding season
  • February - May, they begin migrating back north
  • 10,000km each way
23
Q

What species belong to the RIGHT whale family (1)?

A
  • North Pacific Right Whale (RED LISTED)
24
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of RIGHT whales (4)?

A
  • NO DORSAL fin
  • NO THROAT grooves
  • LONG BALEEN PLATES
  • HUGE arched JAW
  • all 7 neck vertebrae are FUSED
25
Q

Why are they called RIGHT whales?

A
  • Because whalers thought it was the “right” whale to hunt because it contains a huge amount of oil and baleen
26
Q

What are the feeding habits of RIGHT whales?

A
  • Large baleen (2.8m long) to catch copepods and krill near surface
  • Called SKIMMING
27
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of the suborder ODONTOCETI (5)?

A
  • Homodont, unicuspid, monophyodont teeth
  • Feed on dish and squid
  • Echolocation for hunting prey
  • Single nasal opening
  • Marked asymmetry of surrounding bones
28
Q

What families belong to the suborder ODONTOCETI (4)?

A
  • Delphinid (Killer whale RED/BLUE listed)
  • Porpoise (Harbour Porpoise BLUE listed)
  • Beaked whale (Arch beaked whale BLUE listed)
  • Sperm whale (BLUE listed)
29
Q

Provide a description of a DOLPHIN (size, fin shape, head shape, teeth, body, rostrum shape).

A
  • Small - medium size, sleek and streamlined
  • Caudle fin has deep tail NOTCH, Dorsal fin curved
  • Prominent RIDGE on top of tail
  • Forehead bulges due to “melon” (fatty deposit)
  • Beak-like rostrum
30
Q

Provide a description of a PORPOISE (size, fin shape, head shape, teeth, body, rostrum shape).

A
  • Small, chunky body
  • Not as curved dorsal fin, no notch in caudle fin
  • Lack well formed beak
  • Square-ish head
  • Blunt snout
31
Q

Who are ZIPHIDS?

What are their unique physical features?

A
  • BEAKED whales
  • Long narrow snout
  • High bulging forehead
  • Small, ovate pectoral fin
  • Small, sickle-shaped dorsal fin (posterior half of back)
  • Pair of grooves on throat (form V pattern)
  • Few teeth
32
Q

Provide 6 unique ways to determine a sperm whale.

A
  • Broad flat rostrum
  • Depression in face to accommodate spermaceti organ
  • S-shaped blowhole, top left side of head
  • No pre or post orbital processes
  • Numerous short grooves on throat
  • Small narrow lower jaw
33
Q

What is unique about the head of a sperm whale, and why?

A
  • Depression in head to accommodate the spermaceti organ
  • The clear liquid oil hardens when cooled
  • Regulates buoyancy allowing for deep dives (3000m) due to density of liquid when cooled
34
Q

Describe the following terms:

  • Breaching
  • Spy hopping
  • Spouting
  • Flipper slapping/waving
A
  • Breaching: cetacean jumping out of water and splashing (signaling, courtship?)
  • Spy hopping: use muscular tails to lift head out of the water (to see surroundings)
  • Spouting: expelling air from lungs through blowholes and take in fresh air
  • Flipper slapping/waving: slapping flipper on surface of water
35
Q

Define the following terms:

  • Podding
  • Lobtailing
  • Porpoising
A
  • Podding: herding behaviour (breeding season)
  • Lobtailing: slap the water with tails
  • Porpoising: moving in and out of water with high speed leaps (gain speed momentum, corral fish)
36
Q

What are the characteristics of the Northeastern Pacific Southern Resident Population of Killer Whales in regards to habitat, feeding style, vocalization, and status?

A

Habitat: All oceans water from 0 degrees to tropical waters, shallow to open ocean depths, considerable time in brackish water
Feeding style: fish, rely on salmon
Vocalization:
Status: RED LISTED

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the Northeast Pacific Transient Population of Killer Whales in regards to habitat, feeding style, vocalization, and status?

A

Habitat: waters less than 5m deep
Feeding style: marine mammals, foraging at intertidal areas at high tide
Vocalization:
Status: RED listed

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the Northeast Pacific Offshore Population of Killer Whales in regards to habitat, feeding style, vocalization, and status?

A

Habitat:
Feeding style:
Vocalization:
Status: BLUE listed

39
Q

Describe the natural history of Norther Right Whales in terms of appearance, feeding, distribution, and status.

A

Appearance: Upper and lower jaw curved, narrow upper rostrum often covered in hardened patches of skin, black all over except belly which is white, no dorsal fin
Feeding: planktonic organisms
Distribution:
Status: RED listed

Wildlife (14 decks)

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