UNDS Week 1

Question 1

aimed at unravelling who man is and his nature by looking, not just on the everyday goals, but to determine what ultimately is man, his goals, and his essences

Answer 1

PHILISOPHICAL
QUEST

Question 2

THE SELF (4)

Answer 2

• Self-concept
• Self-knowledge
• Self-esteem
• Social self

Question 3

• quoted: ‘‘Know Thyself’’
• Born in Athens
• Market Philosopher
• from universe to examination of our existence in the universe
• “an unexamined life is not worth living”

Answer 3

Socrates
(469 - 399 BC)

Question 4

• quoted: ‘‘If we are ever to have pure knowledge of anything, we must get rid of the body and contemplate things by themselves with the soul by itself’’
• Athenian Family involved in the rule of the Thirty Tyrants
• founded an Academy, prototype of modern university
• Dichotomy of the Ideal World (World of Forms) and the Material World
• human beings are composed of two things: body and soul contemplation
• We continue to exist even without our bodies because we are Souls only.

Answer 4

Plato
(427 - 347 BCE)

Question 5

• quoted: ‘‘But my sin was this, that I looked for pleasure, beauty, and truth not in Him but in myself and His other creatures, and the search led me instead to pain, confusion, and error’’
• North Africa, Bishop of Canterbury
• difficult to reconcile a loving, all-knowing, and all-powerful God with the evils in the world.
• Material World is not our final home, we are just passing through it
• Only God is fully real
• God created man
• moral law exists and is imposed in the mind

Answer 5

Augustine
(354 - 430)

Question 6

• quoted: ‘‘I think, therefore I am’’
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• Cogito, ergo sum
• essence lay in being a purely thinking being - echoes the dualism of Plato
• mind is conjoined with the body in such an intimate way that they casually act upon each other
• the Self being the mind more than the body

Answer 6

Rene Descartes
(1596 - 1650)

Question 7

• quoted: ‘‘What Worries you, masters you’’
• Father of Classical Liberalism
• first British empiricist philosopher
• laid the foundation of human rights; sovereign should be the people, not the monarch
• our identity is not locked in the mind, soul or body only memory theory
• as long as somebody remembers or as long as memories are around, I am around

Answer 7

John Locke
(1632 - 1704)

Question 8

• quoted: ‘‘Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them’’
• Scotland, lawyer, History of England, empiricist
• senses as our key source of knowledge
• impression and ideas
• Treatise of Human Nature: “I” will constantly be changing because the difference experiences one has for every constant change will affect and re shape that person

Answer 8

David Hume
(1711 - 1776)

Question 9

• quoted: ‘‘All knowledge begins with senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason’’
• East Prussia
• it is possible to discover universal truth about the world using reasons; possible to find essence of the Self
• man is a free agent, capable of making decisions for himself
• reason and free will
• a moral persona is one who is driven by duty and acts towards the fulfillment of that duty
• only a free agent will be able to make a rational deliberation

Answer 9

Immanuel Kant
(1724 - 1804)

Question 10

• quoted: ‘‘The ego is not master in its own house’’
• Jewish neurologist
• Father of Psychoanalysis
• structure that defines man according to his biological structure and the influence of socio-cultural environment
• id, ego, superego

Answer 10

Sigmund Freud
(1856 - 1939)

Question 11

• quoted: ‘‘Minds are things, but different sorts of things from bodies’’
• philosophy that centers on language; clear confusion through linguistic analysis
• Ghost in the Machine; Cartesian category

Answer 11

Gilbert Ryle
(1900 - 1976)

Question 12

• quoted: We do have an organ for understanding and recognizing moral facts. It is called the brain
• Eliminative Materialism
• self is the brain
• neuroscience

Answer 12

Paul Churchland
(b. 1942)

Question 13

• quoted: ‘‘We know not through our intellect but through our experience’’
• a person is defined by virtue of movement and expression
• I am the sum of all what I make my body do
• self as a continuous flow of movement and expression from infancy through adulthood

Answer 13

Maurice Merleau - Ponty
(1908 - 1961)

Question 14

“the self is an immortal soul that exists overtime’’

Answer 14

Socrates, Plato, Augustine

Question 15

“personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness’’

Answer 15

John Locke

Question 16

“the self is embodied subjectivity’’

Answer 16

Merleau-Ponty

Question 17

“there is no ‘self’, only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions in our mind’’

Answer 17

David Hume

Question 18

“the self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body’’

Answer 18

Descartes

Question 19

“the self is the brain.”

Answer 19

Paul Churchland

Question 20

“the self is the way people behave”

Answer 20

Gilbert Ryle

Question 21

“the self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that makes intelligible experiences possible”

Answer 21

Immanuel Kant

Question 22

“the self is multi-layered’’

Answer 22

Sigmund Freud