STS 2 Prelims Flashcards
- a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.
- Utilized word pictures and triangular symbols
carved on clay tablets.
Cuneiform
using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.
Sexagesimal
Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god
Ziggurats
a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world
The city of Uruk
was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.
Zodiacal map of Sumer
the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text
Code of Ur-NAmmu
ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
Babylonia
ordered the construction of the famous “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” and the Isthar Gate.
Nebuchadnezzar
concept of horoscope
Zodiac Signs
originated from the Babylonians
Jewelry making
the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.
Astrology
located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy.
Egypt
- was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing individual objects or actions.
- They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds.
The Egyptian writing
- studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river.
The _______ _________ knowledge of human anatomy, physiology and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming the dead.
Ancient Egyptians
The earliest ___________ ________was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile river.
Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days.
The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by IMHOTEP.
Egyptian calendar
Both sexes wore _________, sandals, perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.
jewelries
They built pyramids such as Pyramid of _______ as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion’s boy to guard the pharaoh’s tomb..
Sakarra
From the ______, they learned military technology and system- horse driven light war chariots manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords and lances.
Hyksos
The _________ invented and used many simple machines such as ramp and lever, to aid construction processes.
Egyptians
They used ____ trusses to stiffen the beam of ships
rope
In ___________ Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the Lighthouse of Alexandria- a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.
Hellenistic
is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.
Greece
- Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
Greece
- Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
Greece
- Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena.
Greece
- Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age
Greece
They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions and mechanical systems to explain the planetary positions and movements on geometrical determinations and logical deductions.
Greece
Ancient ______ invented the alarm clock- used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water ( or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.
Greeks
__________ were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing.
Watermills
made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.
Galen
“Father of Greek Medicine”
Hippocrates
First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion.
Hippocrates
He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing itself.
Hippocrates
According to __________ nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.
Empedocles
Father of Philosophy, taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water.
Thales of Miletus
argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.
Anaxagoras
proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms.
Aristotle
perfected geometry, as a single logical system.
Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid
- performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley.
- invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement and use of water-power.
- made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets around the stationary earth.
- discovered the concept of gravity
Archimedes
wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek astronomers about the universe.
Ptolemy
- The _____ ______ was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
Roman Empire
- Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
Roman Civilization
One of the major contributions of the Romans is the __________- Gazettes-contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
newspaper
The ancient _____ _______ was able to produce the first books or codex.
Roman Empire
They introduced the Roman numeral.
Roman Civilization
They constructed the Pantheon as one of the world’s greatest domed buildings and Colosseum, Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.
Roman Civilization
_______ _____ and ____________ ______ were held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus Maximus, which accommodated some 300,000 people.
Chariot races and gladiatorial fights
_____ government were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses.
Roman
_________ first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.
Vitruvius
_____________ was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.
Anaximander
_______ were dedicated to the Olympian Gods.
Olympics
is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia.
Arabia
- The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to the modern world was their synthesis of the scientific and technological knowledge they learned from and transmitted to the various cultures they encountered.
Arabia
- It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.
China
- It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia.
China
mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.
India
Introduction of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage.
The first regular postal system in the world
Taxation system, an important component of the Achaemenid state administration.
Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops.
Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi.
Persian Civilization
- The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D
- is generally known as the period of history between Ancient Times and Modern Times.
- This is usually divided into the so called Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages.
- The Age of Exploration.
- The start of the middle ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations.
- The Islamic world had become a civilization of colossal expansive and had imposed a unity of religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa.
Medieval Times
After the Chinese, Johann Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of printing using a cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an extract impression on paper.
Printing press
appeared around the 9th century A.D, followed by vigorous development of explosive weapons from 1040 A.D about three centuries before it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using a rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat weapon, all barrier guns and cannon were constructed at the beginning of the 12th century A.D.
Gunpowder and Canon
it was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power.
Water mill
was used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing.
Windmill
tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace.
Mechanical clock
_____ _______ and _____ ____allowed the horse to increase its” attractive” effort five times and for protection. This innovation came from the 7th century A.D china reaching Europe early in the eleventh century, resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the introduction of the horses’ modes put the horse on the road for pack and wagon.
Horse Harness and Horse shoe
the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th century. As the distillation of perfumes and oil was already known, alcohol was probably produced by accident in the course of some medical preparation.
Distillation and Alcohol
By the twelfth century, these schools swelled to become universities with set of courses and teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In the eleventh century A.D, medical school had been existence in Salermo.
Universities and Scholastics
authored by Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a good summary of the period’s medical knowledge and accurate descriptions of meningitis, tetanus and other diseases.
Canon of Medicine
War weapons such as _____ ____, ____ ____ was developed so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers wear body armors and chainmail to protect themselves.
cross bows, long bows
The discovery of lenses resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy around 1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the study of light or optics. Grosseteste, Dietrich and Roger Bacon explained how a lens could focus light rays and magnify things. The demand for spectacles gave rise to lens grinding/trading and spectacle-makers.
Lenses with spectacles
the ability of a natural magnet to show direction was known o the Chinese several centuries ago or about sixth century A.D before it passed to the West or Europe.
15. Flying Buttress- one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings and larger windows.
Mariner’s Magnetic Compass
one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings and larger windows.
Flying Buttress
considered to be first ever public library in the world.
Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena
became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands.
Coffee House
The period of rebirth
Beginning of the cultural movement
Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Technology for printing books was regarded as the most important invention that facilitated dissemination of knowledge and new ideas.
Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with two main elements: Sulphur and mercury.
The astronomy was based on geocentric model (earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy.
Nicolas Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”.
Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy of the brain’s function. He wrote the book “On the Fabric of the Human Body”.
Renaissance ( 14th century -16th century)
invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
Pasteurization
- is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants.
Kerosene was referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting homes. It was invented by Samuel M. Kier.
Petroleum Refinery
a faster way to compute more complicated equations.
Calculator
the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with presence and motion of electric charge.
Electricity
where electric current is used to energize equipment.
Electric power
is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science and others. It deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback and information processing.
Robotics
which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electronics
a variation of regular watches but coming with a whole bunch of features as your smartphone.
Smartwatches
is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence). It is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and flashlights and for decorative and advertising lighting.
Incandescent light bulb
is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine. The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as “the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. It is used to transport parcels as well as people to other side of the world in less than a day or weeks.
Airplane
is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming. It is also used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Computer
a device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is smaller and more mobile.
Cellphone or mobile phone
also known as thumb drive pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, jump drive, disk key, disk on key- is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive
- is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It carries a vast range of information resources and services such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic mail, telephony and file sharing.
Internet
is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment and news.
Television
discovered by Alexander Fleming in September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics.
Penicillin
was for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761, when French Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat founded the world’s first veterinary school in Lyon, France
Veterinary medicine
is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping and editing of genomes- is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Genomics
- is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use.
Biotechnology
is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation
Automobile (car)
is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.
Nuclear weapon
is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuc;ear power plant.
Nuclear power
is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. They are used for many purposes such as military and civilian Earth observation, telecommunication, navigation, weather forecast and space telescopes.
Satellites
makes use of computer-processes combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of scanned object, allowing the user to see the object without cutting.
Computed tomography (CT) scan
is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
Vaccine
is the long distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.
telegraphy
is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner
is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.
Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)
is a technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices.
Wi-Fi
is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks.
Bluetooth
is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.
Printer
is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location or both.
Camera
also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It is used in military, marine science, search-and-rescue and tourism.
Submarine
is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.
Stethoscope
is a small, portable personal computer with a “clamshell”form factor having typically a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the “clamshell”and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid.
Laptop or notebook computer
is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
Steam engine
is a payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services.
Credit card
is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (Laser)
