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Geography - Hazards > Understand the background to storm hazards > Flashcards

Understand the background to storm hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of system is a tropical storm?

A

Intense low-pressie

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2
Q

How warm does the sea need to be for a tropical storm to take place?

A

27 degrees

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3
Q

How deep does the ocean need to be for a tropical storm to take place?

A

70m

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4
Q

Why does the ocean need to be 27 degrees for a tropical storm to take place?

A

To provide a continuous source of heat in order to maintain rising air currents

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5
Q

Why does the ocean need to be 70m deep for a tropical storm to take place?

A

The moisture provides latent heat; rising air causes the moisture to be released by condensation and the continuation of this drives the system

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6
Q

What sort of location do you have to be for a tropical storm to take place?

A

5 degrees north or south of the Equator in order that the Coriolis force can bring out the maximum rotation of the air

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7
Q

Where are tropical storms most destructive?

A 
In the Caribbean Sea/Gulf of Mexico 
On the west side of Central America 
Arabian Sea/ Bay of Bengal 
Off Southeast Asia 
Off Madagascar 
Off north-western and north-eastern Australia
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8
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does the Carribean and gulf of Mexico have?

A

11%

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9
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does the western side of Central America have?

A

17%

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10
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does the Arabian Sea/ Bay of Bengal have?

A

8%

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11
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does southeast Asia have?

A

33%

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12
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does Madagascar have?

A

11%

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13
Q

What percentage of tropical revolving storms does north-western and north-eastern Australia have?

A

20%

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14
Q

How are tropical storms measured?

A

On the Saffir-Simpson scale

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15
Q

What is the Saffir-Simpson scale?

A

A five-point scale based upon central press, wind-speed, storm surge and damage potential

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16
Q

What does the central pressure of a scale 5 tropical storm have to be?

A

920 mb or below

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17
Q

What does the wind speed need to be for a scale 5 tropical storm to take place?

A

250km/hr or greater

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18
Q

How big does a storm surge need to be for a scale 5 tropical storm to take place?

A

5.5m or greater

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19
Q

What does the damage need to be for a scale 5 tropical storm to take place?

A

Damage potential that refers to ‘complete roof failure of many buildings with major damage to lower floors of all structures lower than three metres above sea level

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20
Q

What is the average lifespan of a tropical storm?

A

7-14 days

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21
Q

What are the percentage of storms around the world that go on to be tropical revolving storms?

A

80%

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22
Q

How do we predict revolving tropical storm hazards?

A

Weather bureaux such as the National Hurricane Centre in Florida, surveillance through weather aircrafts
Information is compared with computer models so that a path can be predicted and people can be warned

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23
Q

How do the NHC prepare for tropical revolving storms?

A

By accessing data from geostationary satellites and from both land and sea-based recording centres

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24
Q

How much does it cost per kilometre to carry out an evacuation in the USA?

A

One million dollars

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25
Q

Why does it cost so much to evacuate people in the USA?

A

Because of the losses of business and tourism and the provision of protection

26
Q

How do we prevent tropical storms?

A

We can’t but there has been research into the effect of cloud seeding in order to cause more precipitation.

27
Q

What is the theory of cloud seeding?

A

If the cyclone could be forced to release more water over the sea, this would result in a weakening of the system, as it approaches land - concerns about global energy systems

28
Q

How can one protect themselves from tropical storms?

A

People are made aware of how to strengthen their homes and commercial properties to withstand the high winds
Drills can take place
Land-use planning - limiting expenditures (where storm surges are a problem)
Sea-walls, breakwaters and flood waters (where storm surges are a problem)

29
Q

What is an example of a hurricane drill?

A

‘Project Safeside’ - a programme in Florida that is composed of precautionary drills for use ion schools and the emergency operations centre of the state.

30
Q

What is an example of a sea wall which was built to protect against storm surges?

A

Galveston in Texas

31
Q

Why was a sea wall built in Galveston in Texas?

A

To protect Galveston from further flooding after the storm surge of 1900 that killed over 6,000 people

32
Q

How can we prepare ourselves for tropical storms?

A

In rich areas people are urged to take out insurance

33
Q

What truly dictates an areas preparedness, prevention, protection, and prediction?

A

The wealth of the area

34
Q

What is an example of a hurricane which hit a rich area?

A

Hurricane Katrina 2005

35
Q

What is an example of a hurricane which hit a poor area?

A

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

36
Q

Why did the Katrina hurricane cost most than the Haiyan hurricane?

A

Because the area is worth more

37
Q

What is the main example of the two contrasting storm events?

A

Hurricane Katrina and Typhoon Haiyan

38
Q

When did Hurricane Katrina take place?

A

2005

39
Q

On what day did Katrina reach a category 5 storm?

A

28th August

40
Q

How fast were the wind speeds of Katrina?

A

280km/hr

41
Q

How bad was Katrina in terms of the Atlantic basin?

A

5th most intense Atlantic basin hurricane

42
Q

When did President Bush declare a state of emergency during Katrina?

A

27 August - 2 days before it was expected to take landfall

43
Q

When did the Mayor of New Orleans order the city to be evacuated during Katrina?

A

28 August during a news conference

44
Q

What was the risk and vulnerability of New Orleans during Katrina?

A

Area can expect severe tropical storms considering its location on the Gulf Coast of the USA
First hurricane however, to reach New Orleans
City is also at risk because of the original flood control measures have resulted in the shrinkage of soils - 50% of the land was now below sea level

45
Q

How many Atlantic hurricanes that have reached Category 5 have there been since 1924?

A

33

46
Q

What demonstrates the severity of Katrina?

A

The failed levee system

47
Q

How many people did not evacuate during Hurricane Katrina by choice?

A

150,000

48
Q

When hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana how high was the storm surge that it brought with it?

A

10m

49
Q

How many people became a refugees and were displaced from there during hurricane Katrina?

A

1 million

50
Q

How much of New Orleans was deluged by flood water?

A

80%

51
Q

Why was 80% of New Orleans deluged by water?

A

Because the complex system of flood defences was breached

52
Q

How many houses were flooded in New Orleans?

A

110,000 of the 180,000

53
Q

How much of the area was declared a disaster zone during hurricane Katrina?

A

233,000 km2 - nearly as large as UK

54
Q

How many people were left without power during hurricane Katrina?

A

5 million

55
Q

How long did it take for everyone to be reconnected with power during hurricane Katrina?

A

2 months

56
Q

What was destroyed as a result of hurricane Katrina, causing the price of petrol to reach £1 per litre?

A

Many oil installations in the Gulf area

57
Q

How much was the financial cost of Katrina?

A

$200 billion

58
Q

How much did the public donate to the Red Cross after hurricane Katrina?

A

$1.8 billion

59
Q

What was significant about the about donated to the Red Cross after hurricane Katrina?

A

It was more than 9/11

60
Q

How much did Typhoon Haiyan cost?

A

Estimated $14 billion

61
Q

How much did Katrina cost?

A

$81 billion

Geography - Hazards (17 decks)

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