Unclassified Toxins-Toxic Principles

Question 1

Alsike clover and Red clover

Answer 1

MoA-hepatotoxicity + secondary photosensitization in horses only, hepatic encephalopathy at large amnt

CSs-lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritis, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

Plants-alsike clover, red clover

Question 2

Avocado

Answer 2

MoA and CSs- cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds. Non-infectious mastitis and agalactia in cattle, horses, goats, and rabbits

Plants-avocado

Question 3

Black Walnut

Answer 3

MoA and CSs- Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (used as bedding) causes laminitis

Plants-Black Walnut

Question 4

Forage-induced photosensitization

Answer 4

MoA- primary photosensitization, also secondary d/t liver damage

CSs-lacrimation, photophobia, pruritis, edema, necrosis, and sloughing of the skin

Plants-Moldy alfalfa, red clover, moldy wheat

Question 5

Grapes and Raisins

Answer 5

MoA-an unknown toxin xauses renal failure ONLY IN DOGS

CSs- Gi signs including vomiting followed by signs of ARF

Plants-grapevine

Question 6

Lily

Answer 6

MoA-an unknown toxin causes renal failure in CATS ONLY, Gi irritation in dogs and cats

CSs-GI signs including salivation, vomiting, depression and complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from ARF

Plants-Easter lily, tiger lily, Japanese show lily, rubrum lily, lily hybrids, day lily

Question 7

Pigweed

Answer 7

MoA-
Acute-nitrate–>methemogobinemia
Chronic-abortion :(
Soluble oxalate-hypocalcemia and kidney damage
Unknown-renal tubular damage–>ruminants, pigs horses

CSs- depression weakness, incoordination, renal failure

Plants-pigweed

Question 8

Red Maple

Answer 8

MoA-Unknown toxin in dried leaves–>hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, heinz bodies

CSs-anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death

Plants-Red Maple

Question 9

Senna

Answer 9

MoA-Unknown mechanism–>skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Antroquinone–>cathartic

CSs-diarrhea, muscle weakness, recumbancy, good appetite, myogobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death

Plants-coffee senna, sicklepod

Question 10

Yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed

Answer 10

MoA-Toxins interact with dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

CSs-equine nigropalladial encephalomalacia

Plants-yellow starthistle and russian knapweed

Question 11

Macadamia Nuts

Answer 11

MoA-Unknown and Toxin is unknown

CSs-Dog-weakness in hindlimbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic diarrhea, pale MM. FULL RECOVERY IN 2 DAYS