Proteins and AAs-Toxic Principles

Question 1

Dimethyl Sulfide

Answer 1

MoA-Oxidation of RBCs

CSs-anemia, depression, hemnoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia icterus, cyanosis

Plants-Mustards

Question 2

Diterpene Esters

Answer 2

MoA-Activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

CSs-irritation and blistering in GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (+/- blood)

Plants-chenille plant, cat tail, croton, candlelabra cactus, crown of thorns, poinsettia, pencil tree, machineel, sandbox tree, physicnut, wilk physicnut

Question 3

Grayanotoxins

Answer 3

MoA-Binds to Na channels in excitable cells, increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

CSs- Gi signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, seizures, fever. Death d/t aspiration pneumonia :(

Plants-rhododendron, azalea, moutain laurel, sheep laurel, sheepkill, japanese pieris, moutain pieris, dog hobble, dog laurel, black laurel, maleberry, fetter bush, stagger bush

Question 4

Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

Answer 4

MoA-inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

CSs-GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Plants-castor bean, precatory bean, coral plant, sandbox tree, black locust, beans

Question 5

Meliatoxin

Answer 5

MoA-enterotoxic, neurotoxic

CSs-Gi signs +/- blood, CNS and peripheral neuronal signs similar to nicotine poisoning, death from resp fail

Plants-Chinaberry, mahogany family

Question 6

Propyl disulfide

Answer 6

MoA-oxygen free radicals–>damage RBC membranes–>heinz bodies

CSs-anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion

Plants-onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leeks

Question 7

Tetradymol

Answer 7

MoA-liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance, hepatogenic photosensitization

CSs-Sheep-anorexia depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, secondary bacterial infxn

Plants-Horsebrush, sunflower family

Question 8

Thiaminase

Answer 8

MoA and CSs-destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine deficiency in monogastrics

Plants-horsetail, bracken fern, brake fern,

Question 9

Triterpenoid saponins

Answer 9

MoA-direct irritation of GI mucosa

CSs- salivation, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, colic, hypthermia

Plants-alfalfa, english holly, christmas holly, american holly, english ivy, common ivy, pokeweed, inkberry